• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.104-114
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• 2021

Petroleum-contaminated soil is considered among the most important potential anthropogenic atmospheric methane sources. Additionally, various rhizoremediation factors can affect methane emissions by altering soil ecosystem carbon cycles. Nonetheless, greenhouse gas emissions from soil have not been given due importance as a potentially relevant parameter in rhizoremediation techniques. Therefore, in this study we sought to investigate the effects of different plant and soil amendments on both remediation efficiencies and methane emission characteristics in diesel-contaminated soil. An indoor pot experiment consisting of three plant treatments (control, maize, tall fescue) and two soil amendments (chemical nutrient, compost) was performed for 95 days. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency, dehydrogenase activity, and alkB (i.e., an alkane compound-degrading enzyme) gene abundance were the highest in the tall fescue and maize soil system amended with compost. Compost addition enhanced both the overall remediation efficiencies, as well as pmoA (i.e., a methane-oxidizing enzyme) gene abundance in soils. Moreover, the potential methane emission of diesel-contaminated soil was relatively low when maize was introduced to the soil system. After microbial community analysis, various TPH-degrading microorganisms (Nocardioides, Marinobacter, Immitisolibacter, Acinetobacter, Kocuria, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Alcanivorax) and methane-oxidizing microorganisms (Methylocapsa, Methylosarcina) were observed in the rhizosphere soil. The effects of major rhizoremediation factors on soil remediation efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions discussed herein are expected to contribute to the development of sustainable biological remediation technologies in response to global climate change.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1229-1235
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• 2007

Railway-contaminated soil is categorized by total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH)-related contamination and heavy-metal contamination. The sources of TPH are diesel and lubricant. In this study, the feasibility of soil washing, chemical oxidation and ultra-sonication were investigated to treat lubricant-contaminated railway soil. tergitol, a non-ionic surfactant, was investigated as a washing agent. However, it is not effective to remove lubricant from soil even though tergitol is most effective washing agent for diesel-contaminated soil. Addition of alcohols with surfactant enhanced slightly washing efficiency of the lubricant-contaminated soil. To remediate railway-contaminated soil, source of pollution should be considered.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.3-15
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• 1999

This paper includes the basic experimental results performed for developing an innovative and technologically feasible process wherein gaseous ozone, a powerful oxidant. is injected directly into vadose zone by which in-situ chemical degradation of semi- or, non-volatile petroleum product such as diesel fuel is derived. As ozone gas injected continuously(50mL/min, 119.0$\pm$6.1mg/L) into soil packed columns artificially contaminated with diesel fuel(initial concentration 1,485mg-DRO/kg/soil), the removal rates at the inlet and outlet point of 14hrs-operated column are 87.9% and 100.0%, respectively. On the other hand, soil vapor extraction system showed less than 30% of removal rates of residual diesel both at the inlet and outlet samples under the same experimental conditions which confirms the limited treatability of SVE in diesel contaminated soil.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2018

Petroleum energy is the major source of the world energy market, and its massive usage, and the corresponding extreme environmental pollution, imposes a serious threat on the ecological cycles. By screening oil-contaminated soil, we isolated, identified, and characterized a novel strain that represents a considerable diesel-degrading potentiality; the Bacillus aryabhattai DA2 strain is registered in the NCBI with the accession number MG571630, and it possesses an efficient tributyrin-degrading capacity. The optimal condition for diesel degradation by DA2 strain was observed at pH between 7-8 and at the temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. The strain is resistant to salt as well as the antibiotics like ampicillin and streptomycin. These results indicate B. aryabhattai is one of the potential candidates for the remediation of the diesel-contaminated sites.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aging and soil texture on composting of diesel-contaminated soil. The soils used for this study were silt loam and sand. Target contaminant, diesel oil, was spiked at 10,000mgTPH/kg of dry soil. Aging times of diesel-contaminated soils were 15days and 60days, respectively. Fresh diesel-contaminated soil was also investigated. Moisture content was controlled to 70% of soil field capacity. Mix ratio of soil to sludge was 1:0.3 as wet weight basis. Temperature was maintained at $20^{\circ}C$ Volatilization loss of TPH was below 2% of initial concentration. n-Alkanes lost by volatilization were mainly by the compounds of C10 to C17. Diesel in contaminated soil was mainly removed by biodegradation mechanism. First order degradation rate constant of TPH in sandy soil was ranged from 0.081 to 0.094/day, which is higher than that in silt loam(0.056-0.061/day). From fresh to 60day-aged soils, there was little difference of TPH biodegradation rate between the soils. Carbon recovery ranged from 0.61 to 0.89. TPH degradation rate was highly correlated with $CO_2$ production rate.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.8-17
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• 2006

Laboratory scale experiments were performed to investigate the removal efficiency of the in-situ chemical oxidation method and the air-sparging method for diesel contaminated soil and groundwater. Two kinds of diesel contaminated soils (TPH concentration : 2,401 mg/kg and 9,551 mg/kg) and groundwater sampled at Busan railroad station were used for the experiments. For batch experiments of chemical oxidation by using 50% hydrogen peroxide solution, TPH concentration of soil decreased to 18% and 15% of initial TPH concentration. For continuous column experiments, more than 70% of initial TPH in soil was removed by using soil flushing with 20% hydrogen peroxide solution, suggesting that most of diesel in soil reacted with hydrogen peroxide and degraded into $CO_2$ or $H_2O$ gases. Batch experiment for the air-sparging method with artificially contaminated groundwater (TPH concentration : 810 mg/L) was performed to evaluate the removal efficiency of the air-sparging method and TPH concentration of groundwater decreased to lower than 5 mg/L (waste water discharge tolerance limit) within 72 hours of air-sparging. For box experiment with diesel contaminated real soil and groundwater, the removal efficiency of air-sparging was very low because of the residual diesel phase existed in soil medium, suggesting that the air-sparging method should be applied to remediate groundwater after the free phase of diesel in soil medium was removed. For the last time, the in-situ box experiment for a unit process mixed the chemical oxidation process with the air-sparging process was performed to remove diesel from soil and groundwater at a time. Soil flushing with 20% hydrogen peroxide solution was applied to diesel contaminated soils in box, and subsequently contaminated groundwater was purified by the air-sparging method. With 23 L of 20% hydrogen peroxide solution and 2,160 L of air-sparging, TPH concentration of soil decreased from 9,551 mg/kg to 390 mg/kg and TPH concentration of groundwater reduced to lower than 5 mg/L. Results suggested that the combination process of the in-situ hydrogen peroxide flushing and the air-sparging has a great possibility to simultaneously remediate fuel contaminated soil and groundwater.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.401-406
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• 2000

Spilling of petroleum hydrocarbons such as gasoline, motor oils, and diesel fuel from underground storage tanks (USTs) is a major source of contamination to ground water and soils. In response to the need of developing an effective and economical cleanup technique, this study investigates the effectiveness of using sonication to enhance the soil flushing method. The study involves laboratory testing, and the testing was conducted using a specially designed and fabricated device to determine the effect of sonication on contaminant removal. The sonication was applied at 20 kHz frequency under different power levels. Test soil was Joomoonjin Sand, and diesel fuel was used as a contaminant of soil flushing test. The results of the investigation show that sonication enhanced the contaminant removal from soils significantly, and the degree of enhancement varied with power levels of sonication. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the flushing method with sonication has a great potential to become an effective method for removing petroleum hydrocarbons from the contaminated ground.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2870-2874
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• 2011

Soil pollution around railroad has been occurred mainly by diesel and lubricant oil, which is difficult to treat due to high carbon number. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of inorganic-inorganic nanohybrid photo-catalyst for the remediation of diesel-contaminated railroad soil. Generally, the $TiO_2$ nanoparticle easily removes organic pollutants due to photo and natural clay of layer structure. Also, montmorillonite (MMT) have an excellent absorption property with organic component. So, we prepared $TiO_2$ pillared MMT nanohybrid photo-catalyst as a chemical oxidant through the integration of theses advantage. As a result, the removal efficiency of diesel was more than 45% at a laboratory-scale test with diesel concentration and the amount of $TiO_2$-MMT. In future, we will improve the removal efficiency of diesel to optimize experimental parameters and apply the field soil The remediation method using photo-catalyst can be used to clean up the railroad soil polluted with high concentration instead of common methods such as soil washing, bioremediation, etc..

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

Effect of electron accepters on anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by an anaerobic sludge taken from a sludge digestion tank in a soil artificially contaminated with 10,000 mg/kg soil of diesel fuel was tested. Treatments of soil with 30 mL of the digestion sludge (2,000 mg/L of vss (volatile suspended solids)) were incubated under several anaerobic conditions including nitrate reducing, sulfate reducing, methanogenic, and mixed electron accepters conditions for 120 days. Treatments with the digested sludge showed significant degradation of diesel fuel under all anaerobic conditions compare to control treatments with an autoclaved sludge and without the sludge. The amount of TPH degradation after 120days incubation was the largest in the treatment with the sludge and mixed electron accepters (75% removal of TPH) followed in order by sulfate reducing, nitrate reducing, methanegenic condition as 67%, 53％, 43%, respectively. However, the rate of TPH degradation in the nitrate- and sulfate reducing condition within 105 days were comparable with that of the mixed electron accepters condition. Microorganisms in each electron acceptor condition were plated on solid mediums containing nitrate or sulfate as sole electron acceptor and several nitrate- and sulfate reducing bacteria showed effective degradation of diesel fuel within 30 days incubations. These results suggest that anaerobic degradation of diesel fuel in soil with digested sludge is effective for practical remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.39-42
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• 2004

Landfarming and a microbial agent, Bioil-D, were used to treat diesel-contaminated soil. The microbial agent was applied to the contaminated soil in a concentration of 5$\times$10$^2$ cfu/soil(g) and the total amount of microbial agent, 210$\ell$, was sprinkled on the soil four times for 24 days during 50 day-remediation period. The remediation goal, lower than 800mg/kg of TPH, was achieved from 5, 707 mg/kg of TPH within 50 days. The total number and activity of indigenous microorganisms were increased by 100 times after the microbial agent, Bioil-D, was applied to the contaminated soil.