• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2017

The present study was performed to develop healthier sweeteners for brown rice Dasik with chia seed powder. The quality features and sensory evaluation were tested for brown rice Dasik with chia seed powder added with five different sweeteners and the results are as follows. The Dasik (DS) with isomalto-oligosaccharide and starch syrup received the highest scores on moisture content tests. The results from hardness tests identified the DS with agave syrup as the hardest, and the results from the adhesiveness test verified that the DS with agave syrup as well as the DS with starch syrup produce the most adhesive DS. The results of the springiness test show that the DS with starch syrup has higher springiness than other sweetners. The highest score for the chewiness and cohesiveness tests was the DS with starch syrup, while the DS with isomalto-oligosaccharide received the highest score on the gumminess test. The results of the chromaticity measurement test found that the DS with starch syrup showed the highest score of 'L' and the lowest score with fructo-oligosaccharide. In addition, the highest score of 'a' was DS with isomalto-oligosaccharide and the lowest score of 'b' was the DS with starch syrup. The results of sugar content displayed that the DS with starch syrup was the highest and the DS with fructo-oligosaccharide was the lowest score. The results of sensory evaluation verified that color did not influence evaluators' preference investigation. The results of sweet flavor test found that the DS with honey and the DS with agave syrup had the most preferred by participants, but there was no statistically significant difference among all five different sweeteners from the sweet taste test. Furthermore, the DS with agave syrup received the highest score while the DS with agave syrup scored the lowest from the hardness preference test. General preference evaluation identified the highest score with the addition of fructo-oligosaccharide and the lowest score with the addition of isomalto-oligosaccharide. Thus, the findings of the present study provide the meaningful results to demonstrate the DS with fructo-oligosaccharide is the most suitable sweetener to manufacture brown rice DS added by chia seed powder, and this result will help marketers with creating meaningful strategies and with developing similar products using chia seed powder.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.361-370
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• 2016

Objective:The aim of this study is to evaluate contributions of individual finger forces associated with various levels of submaximal voluntary contraction tasks. Background: Although many researches for individual finger force have been conducted, most of the studies mainly focus on the maximal voluntary contraction. However, Information concerning individual finger forces during submaximal voluntary contraction is also very important for developing biomechanical models and for designing hand tools, work equipment, hand prostheses and robotic hands. Due to these reasons, studies on the contribution of individual finger force in submaximal grip force exertions should be fully considered. Method: A total of 60 healthy adults without any musculoskeletal disorders in the upper arms participated in this study. The young group (mean: 23.7 yrs) consisted of 30 healthy adults (15 males and 15 females), and the elderly group (mean: 75.2 yrs) was also composed of 30 participants (15 males and 15 females). A multi-Finger Force Measurement (MFFM) System developed by Kim and Kong (2008) was applied in order to measure total grip strength and individual finger forces. The participants were asked to exert a grip force attempting to minimize the difference between the target force and their exerted force for eight different target forces (5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75% MVCs). These target forces based on the maximum voluntary contraction, which were obtained from each participant, were randomly assigned in this study. Results: The contributions of middle and ring fingers to the total grip force represented an increasing trend as the target force level increased. On the other hand, the contributions of index and little fingers showed a decreasing trend as the target force level increased. In particular, Index finger exerted the largest contribution to the total grip force, followed by middle, ring and little fingers in the case of the smallest target force level (5% MVC), whereas middle finger showed the largest contribution, followed by ring, index and little fingers at the largest target force levels (65 and 75% MVCs). Conclusion: Each individual finger showed a different contribution pattern to the grip force exertion. As the target force level increase from 5 to 75% MVC, the contributions of middle and ring fingers showed an increasing trend, whereas the contributions of index and little fingers represented a decreasing trend in this study. Application: The results of this study can be useful information when designing robotic hands, hand tools and work equipment. Such information would be also useful when abnormal hand functions are evaluated.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.687-696
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• 2015

JCT-VC (Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding) continues developing HEVC/Screen Content Coding (HEVC/SCC) as an extension for efficiently coding screen content videos, including computer animations, graphics, and electrical documents, based on HEVC/Range extension (HEVC/RExt.). Color space conversion from RGB space being captured from CCD sensors is popular in natural video coding. However, the conversion is often undesired for screen contents because of a significant loss in perceptual quality. Therefore, several coding tools including cross-component prediction (CCP) and in-loop adaptive color space transform (ACST) have been developed for an efficient screen content video coding in order to reduce the redundancies between color spaces while maintaining the original color space. In this paper, we review the two coding tools, i.e., CCP and ACST exploiting the correlation in the RGB color space and conduct the performance analysis of the coding tools. In our simulation results, CCP and ACST provide 11.7% BD-rate saving and 16.4% BD-rate saving, respectively, while the two coding tools provide 18.2% BD-rate saving in total. Following this idea, if the two coding tools are exclusively selected, we provide 93% encoding measurement time with a 0.3% coding loss.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2004

Our purpose is to make up criteria for children's motivation of achievement and develop them into reliable that effectively fit the domestic situations, through testing its reliability and validity. With a view to developing those criteria, questionnaire items were drawn out from our basic investigation and preliminary study, and reliability and validity were tested. For this, we carried out a survey from October 25, 2003 to November 7, 2003 on 586 children who were attending two primary schools in Seoul, in 5th and 6th grade, and analyzed the results. Out of 81 questionnaire items constructed through the preliminary study, we extracted 68 items which show satisfactory level of discrimination with $x^2$ confidence level p<.0l and V coefficient greater than .25. The factor analysis was performed on the 68 items and 49 items were extracted which have eigen value greater than 1 and factor load greater than .30. Then regression analysis was applied so that 13 items were taken out of consideration for the criteria, whose incremental contribution to the explained proportion due to regression turned out to be less than 3%. As a result, a total of 36 items were selected as the final measurement criteria was assessed by Cronbach' $\alpha$ coefficient for the items, and we obtained its value of .85 which is at a satisfactory level. The developed criteria has proven to be a useful tool for measuring domestic children's motivation of achievement.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.807-814
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• 2013

A fundamental study on laser-tissue interaction was conducted with the aim of developing a therapeutic medical device that can remove lesions on the intestinal wall by irradiating a high-power 808-nm infrared laser light incorporated in an endoscopic system. The perforation depth was linearly increased in the range of 1~4 mm in proportional to laser output (3~12 W) and irradiation time (5~20 s). We demonstrated that the perforation depth during laser irradiation was varied according to the tissue property of each extracted porcine organ. The measurement of the temperature distribution suggests that the energy is localized in the irradiation spot and transferred to deep tissue, which protects the surrounding tissue from thermal injury. These results can be used to set the driving parameters for a laser incision technique as an alternative to conventional surgical interventions.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.138-152
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• 1995

The condition of nutrition during infancy will greatly affect infants' physical, emotional growth, especially breast feeding is important in their growth and development, and emotional stability, too. Despite such advantages of breast-feeding, its rate has continued to fall year after year in Korea : the 95% rate in 1960's has fallen to 25.4% in 1990. It is known that such a downfall of breast-feeding rate is associated with various factors. The purpose of the study is to examine mother's and nurses' in nursery perception of the impediment factors of breast-feeding : to compare those between of breast-feeding : to compare those between two groups : to provide fundamental data for developing strategies for increasing breast-feeding. The subjects were 45 new mothers from one hospital and the same number of nurses sampled from 3 university hospitals, in Seoul. The data were collected for 11 days from April 12 to April 23, 1994 and a questionnaire was developed based on the interview with 14 nurses and 10 mothers and the literature reviews. Liker's Five-Point Scale was used as measurement. The Data were analyzed using SPSS / PC and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) Most new mothers get the information about breast-feeding from their mothers, books or newspaper, and relatives in rank than professionals(nurses or doctors). 2) The impediment factors the breast-feeding are categorized as mothers, hospital system, medical personnels and social factors. The most frequently mentioned impediment factors from mothers are 'Difficulty by operational wounds'(3.13), 'Lack of will for breast-feeding'(3.47), 'Insufficient rest and sleep'(3.52) and 'Opposition from husband or his family members'(4.77)in rank. On the other hand those factors from nurses are 'Inadequate nipple condition'(2.37), 'Decreasing milk secretion given medicine after operation'(2.63), 'Mothers knowledge deficit by poorly prepared education'(2.79) and 'Mothers abhorance of breast-feeing'(3.87) in rank. 3) As for the hospital system, the highly perceived impediment factors by mothers are 'Seperation of baby from mother after birth'(2.78), 'Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital'(2.93), 'Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding'(3.18) and 'Because of babys' preference artificial nipple by being accustomed to it in hospital(3.97), in rank. Meanwhile, those from nurses are "Seperation of baby from mother after birth",(1.92), "Inconsistency between hospital's nursing time and mother's breast secretion time" scretion time(2.97), "Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital"(3.39), and "Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding"(3.74) 4) As for the medical personnels, the highestly perceived Impediment factor from mothers in "Lack of professional nurses for breast-feeding"(2.96), and the lowestly perceived one is "Doctors' reluctance"(4.75). Nurses perceived same as mothers, too. 5) As for the social factors, the highestly perceived impediment factor by mothers and nurses is "Inconvience of social activities"(2.83) and the lowestly ones are "The sense of self-sacrifice"(4.22) by mothers, and "The sense of old fashioned"(4.13) by nurses. 6) The difference of the perception of impediment factors between mothers and nurses is statistically significant only in mother factor.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.114-127
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism and effect of moxibustion objectively and to be used as the quantitative data for developing the new thermal stimulating treatment by observing the combustion time and temperature of commercial moxaes. Methods : We have selected two types(large-size moxa A(LMA), large-size moxa B (LMB)) among large moxaes used widely in the clinic. We examined combustion times, temperatures in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results : 1. The combustion time in the preheating period was about 30sec in both moxaes on the non-contact heated surface. 2. The combustion time in the heating period was about 345sec in LMA and about 1391 sec in LMB, about 4 times longer in LMB on the non-contact surface. 3. The maximum temperature in the heating period was $44.5^{\circ}C$ in LMA and $45.4^{\circ}C$ in LMB respectively, higher by $0.9^{\circ}C$ in LMB. The average temperature in the heating period was $35.5{\sim}37.6^{\circ}C$ in LMA and $36.0{\sim}39.8^{\circ}C$ in LMB, a little higher in LMB. 4. The combustion time in the retaining period in LMA was 45.4sec and 13% of that in the heating period, and in LMB 594.7sec and 43% of that in the heating period on the non-contact surface. 5. On the point(PH) measured maximum temperature, the average temperature during the retaining period was $44.0^{\circ}C$, $42.9^{\circ}C$ respectively and the temperature at an end of the retaining period was $43.0^{\circ}C$, $40.2^{\circ}C$ respectively. 6. The time at a beginning of the cooling period was about 418 sec from ignition in LMA and 2021sec in LMB, and the temperature at that time was $36.9{\sim}39.1^{\circ}C$ on the non-contact surface. Conclusion : It was thought that not only the figure of moxicombustion device, but also the form and size of moxa had influence on the combustion characteristics deciding the performance of stimulus seriously.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.189-199
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of life stress, cultural adaptation stress, and academic satisfaction amongst a total of 283 20's Chinese students majoring in cosmetology at colleges in Seoul. For this, data was collected from February to March 2017. The frequency analysis was conducted to verity the general characteristic of Chinese student studying in Korea who are study objects while utilizing SPSS Statistics V22.0 for data processing and analysis while the factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to investigate the validity of measurement tool and evaluate the reliability. Moreover, the regression analysis between variables and regression analysis were utilized. The results found the following: First, in terms of life stress, as peer relationship, appearance stress, economic stress, family relationship stress and academic stresses decreased, their academic satisfaction increased. Second, regarding cultural adaptation stress, as interpersonal and living culture stresses were lowered, academic satisfaction increased. Therefore, this study targets to derive implications on an efficient plan to improve the academic satisfaction of Chinese students studying in the Republic of Korea by developing and providing a proper academic program with a decent support system in terms of culture, life, and education after investigating their life and cultural adaptation stresses.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2012

Entry and exits of the rest area are sections where designed speed can be rapidly change and also a weak traffic safety section. In addition, two tasks can be performed simultaneously at entry of the rest area, particularly searching for deceleration and parking spaces/parking sides etc. Thus, design criteria is required in order to procure the stability of accessed vehicle. In case of Korea, geometric structure design criteria of entry facilities, such as toll-gate, interchange, junction etc was established. However there are no presence in a detailed standards for geometric structure of the rest area which affiliated road facilities. In this study, Derive problems in regards to the entry of geometric structure of resting areas by utilizing a sight survey and an investigation research of traffic accidents. The survey was targeting 135 general service areas. After Classifying the design section of resting areas' entry as well as derive design elements on each section, a speed measurement by targeting entry of rest areas and car behavior surveys were performed, then each element's minimum standard was derived through the analyses. According to the speeds at the starting/end point of entrance connector road, the minimum length of the entrance connector road is decided as 40m using Slowing-down length formula and based on the driving pattern, the range of the junction setting angle of the entrance connector road is defined as $12^{\circ}{\sim}17^{\circ}$. Suggest improvement plans for existing rest areas that can be applied realistically. This should be corresponded to the standards of entry and exit of developed rest areas.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1998

Multi-channel sensors can be used to increase the reliability and remove the random iloise in ion-sensitive field effect transistors(ISFETs). Multi-channel sensors is also an essential step toward potential fabrication of sensors for several ionic species in one device. However, when the multi-channel sensors are separately biased, the biasing problems become difficult, that is to say, the bias circuit is needed as many sensors. In this work, a circuit for biasing the four pH-ISFETs in null-balance method, where bias voltages are switched, was proposed. The proposed concept is need only one bias circuit for the four sensors. Therefore it has advantages of smaller size and lower power consumption than the case that all sensors are separately biased at a time. The proposed circuit was tested with discrete devices and its performance was investigated. In the recent trend, sensor systems are implemented as portable systems. So the verified measurement circuit was integrated by using the CMOS circuit. Fortunately, ISFET fabrication process can be compatible with CMOS process. Full circuit has a mask area of $660{\mu}m{\times}500{\mu}m$. In the future, this step will be used for developing the smart sensor system with ISFET.