• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2017

Objectives: As in many low-income and middle-income countries, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by patients or their families are a key healthcare financing mechanism in Bangladesh that leads to economic burdens for households. The objective of this study was to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors of the population had an impact on OOP expenditures in Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 12 400 patients who had paid to receive any type of healthcare services within the previous 30 days were analyzed from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, 2010. We employed regression analysis for identify factors influencing OOP health expenditures using the ordinary least square method. Results: The mean total OOP healthcare expenditures was US dollar (USD) 27.66; while, the cost of medicines (USD 16.98) was the highest cost driver (61% of total OOP healthcare expenditure). In addition, this study identified age, sex, marital status, place of residence, and family wealth as significant factors associated with higher OOP healthcare expenditures. In contrary, unemployment and not receiving financial social benefits were inversely associated with OOP expenditures. Conclusions: The findings of this study can help decision-makers by clarifying the determinants of OOP, discussing the mechanisms driving these determinants, and there by underscoring the need to develop policy options for building stronger financial protection mechanisms. The government should consider devoting more resources to providing free or subsidized care. In parallel with government action, the development of other prudential and sustainable risk-pooling mechanisms may help attract enthusiastic subscribers to community-based health insurance schemes.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.20-44
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• 2004

The National Health Insurance Expenditure has been increased rapidly since the introduction of the separation of prescription and dispensing in 2000, and this trend of rapid growth in overall spendings rate has been observed predominantly among medical practitioners. This study was conducted to investigate the growth rate and distributional changes in private medical practitioners' expenses from 1999 to 2002 and its determinants using the National Health Insurance claims data. The total increasing rate of all medical practitioners' expenditure paid by the National Health Insurance between 1999 and 2002 was $41.71\%$, which exceeding that of general hospitals by $20\%$p. But the income distribution among each practitioner was improved as the changes in Gini coefficient(from 0.40 to 0.38) and decile distribution ratio(from 0.25 to 0.29) during the same period showed. However, this improvement in distributional patterns is not enough since even in 2002 it turned out that the highest $10\%$ income group earned 33times more than the lowest $10\%$ income group did. Also, higher Gini coefficient was observed in larger cities and some department like plastic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. The major causes of this differentials in medical practitioners' expenses were factors related to medical demand like proportion of old population, residential economic status in a given area. In addition, providers' economic incentives also played an important role in determining their income distribution. The large income differentials among physicians may imply a skewed distribution of patients and thus long waiting time, inefficient utilization of resources and potential inadequate quality of care. In this sense, unreasonable distributional gaps should be reduced, so effective measures as well as ongoing monitoring would be necessary to correct current distributional problems.

• 인삼문화
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• 제5권
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• pp.97-114
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• 2023

인삼에 관련된 수많은 연구에도 불구하고, 인삼을 경제, 경영학적 관점에서 다루는 논문은 부족한 편이다. 최근 인삼제품을 구매하는 원인을 경제학적으로 밝히려는 연구가 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 미시경제학적 관점에서 국제관광소비자의 인삼구매 요인을 실증적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 설문자료를 통해 대한민국을 방문하는 국제 관광소비자가 인삼 및 인삼 관련 제품을 구매하는 형태를 실증적으로 조사하였다. 그 결과를 이용하여 인삼을 구매하는 데 영향을 미치는 결정요인을 다항 로지스틱 모형(multinomial logistic model)을 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 다음과 같은 인삼 구매 결정요인을 발견하였다. 첫째, 경제적 요인은 인삼구매의 중요한 결정 요인이 가구소득보다 가처분소득(일일평균 지출비용)이 인삼 구매에 미치는 영향이 컸다. 일일평균 지출비용이 높음에도 불구하고 다른 제품을 더 선호하면 인삼을 덜 구매하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 인구통계학적 요인 중 성별과 나이 또한 인삼 구매의 중요한 결정 요인이다. 나이가 많은 남성 소비자층의 인삼제품 구매 확률이 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 관광 목적은 인삼 구매에 영향을 끼친다. 여가 목적의 관광소비자가 다른 목적의 관광소비자보다 인삼 구매 확률이 높았다. 마지막으로 관광지 속성도 인삼 구매의 결정 요인이다. 관광지의 치안(안전성), 모바일/인터넷 사용 편리성과 길찾기 용이성 등의 관광지 속성은 인삼 구매에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인이었다. 특히 쇼핑의 편리함을 의미하는 모바일/인터넷 사용 편리성과 길찾기 용이성이 관광소비자의 인삼구매 확률을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 국제 관광소비자의 인삼 선택을 선호(preference)에 기반한 계량경제학적 모델로 분석하여 인삼제품 구매 선택의 결정요인을 탐구하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.19-39
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to examine the characteristics and economic status of deficit households. The data for this study were from The Household Income and Expenditure Survey in 2000, 2005, and 2010 conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO). Deficit households were defined by those who had expenditures higher than their income. Among total households, the proportion of deficit households was 26.84% in 2000, 28.14% in 2005, and 27.15% in 2010. The average propensity to consume was 132.1 in 2005, which was higher than those in 2000 and 2010. Deficit households were classified into five types using cluster analysis: 1)overall-overconsumption group(33.07%), 2)basic needs group(26.33%), 3)transportation expenditure-dominated group(6.73%), 4)education expenditure-dominated group(27.63%), 5)health care expenditure-dominated group(6.24%). The overall-overconsumption group was the largest group of total households and the portion of this group among total households decreased by 4.97%p from 2005 to 2010. However, the education expenditure-dominated group increased by approximately 7.6%p over the period. It was also found that households in 2000 and 2010 were more likely to be in all five groups than households in 2005. Other major determinants of households with deficit were gender, age, number of family members, education level, dual income, home ownership, vehicle ownership, and income class.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제37호
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• pp.117-144
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 한국 복지국가의 지출변화를 추동하는 요인에 대한 이론적 가설들을 실증적으로 분석하는 것이 목적이다. 한국복지국가 지출결정요인을 분석하는 기존연구들은 종속변수로 사용되는 사회복지지출 자료의 신뢰성, 분석방법의 타당성을 충분히 확보하고 있지 못했다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 또한 분석시기가 1990년대 말까지만을 포괄하고 있어서, 최근의 한국복지국가 변화를 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 1960년 이후부터 2003년까지를 분석에 포함하며, 일관된 기준을 가지고 구축된 '비교 사회정책 데이터(Comparative Social Policy Data set)'를 활용하고, 분석방법으로서 일반화최소제곱(GLS) 방식의 시계열 회귀분석을 사용함으로써 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과는 첫째, 구조기능주의, 특히 산업화와 관련된 변수들이 가장 안정적이고 통계적으로 유의미하였다. 둘째, 실업률 변수의 영향은 독점자본주의의 심화를 반영한 결과라기보다는 경제위기 이후 실업의 증가에 대한 정부의 단기적 대응 결과로 해석하는 것이 타당하다. 셋째, 권력자원론 변수인 좌파정치의 한국적 적용은 매우 제한적으로만 타당한 것으로 분석된다. 결론적으로 한국복지국가의 발전에서 진보정치 영향력의 일면이 발견되긴했지만, 보다 정확한 결론을 위해서는 조금 더 관찰이 필요하며, 한국의 복지국가는 산업화론이 적용되는 초보적이고 자동적인 성장으로 특징 지워진다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.457-467
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• 2016

이 연구는 프로야구 관람객의 소비지출 결정요인을 분석해 프로야구단의 수익 증대에 기여할 수 있는 마케팅 정보를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 C시에 연고지를 두고 있는 N구단의 프로야구 관람객 372명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 프로야구 관람객의 소비지출 결정요인으로는 인구통계적 요인, 소비형태 요인 및 사회심리적 효과요인이 포함되었으며 종속변수로는 선행연구에서 도출된 평균 FCI를 토대로 3만원 미만 및 3만원 이상 등 이분형 데이터를 활용하였다. 수집된 유효 설문지는 SPSS 22.0 통계 프로그램을 활용해 기술통계, 신뢰도 분석 그리고 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였고 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 프로야구 관람객의 인구통계적 요인 중 소득수준 및 주거지 요인만이 유의한 소비지출 결정요인으로 나타났다. 소득 요인에서는 200만원 미만의 소득 수준 집단이 400만원 이상의 집단보다 .38배 정도 3만원 이상 소비할 가능성이 낮게 나타났으며, 주거지에서는 마산과 창원 거주자가 진해 거주자보다 3만원 이상 소비할 가능성이 각각 3.49배 그리고 3.05배 정도 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 프로야구 관람객의 소비형태 요인 중 동반자 요인만이 유의한 소비지출 결정요인으로 분석되었으며 이를 구체적으로 살펴보면 혼자 관람하는 집단이 친구와 함께 관람하는 집단에 비해 .36배 정도 3만원 이상 소비할 가능성이 낮게 나타났다. 셋째, 프로야구 관람객이 인지하는 프로야구팀의 사회심리적 효과 요인은 유의한 소비지출 결정요인으로 파악되었으며 구체적으로 살펴보면 프로야구 관람객이 인지하는 사회심리적 효과가 한 단위 증가할수록 관람객이 3만원 이상 지출할 가능성은 1.37배 만큼 높아지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1139-1152
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• 1997

Clothing consumption expenditure (UX) data of Korean consumers during the period of 1965 to 1993 were analyzed by time series analysis technique. According to the results of regression analysis, current income and UX of the year before showed most significant influences on the current UX. This means that the absolute and permanent income hypotheses can be accepted in case of clothing expenditures. However the effect of income decreased as the economy developed. The relative price of clothing had weak or no influence on clothing expenditures. It was also found out that CSX of the year before, the change of income, relative price of clothing ware the factors that affected clothing expenditures. From the estimation of Houthakker-Taylor state adjustment model, a negative stock coefficient was obtained. That is, clothing is subject to an inventor effect and Korean consumers regard clothing as one of the durable goods. To define whether clothing is a "luxury" or a "necessity", income and relative price elasticity of clothing expenditures were estimated. Income elasticity of clothing is slightly below 1.0 in case of national aggregate expenditures, and slightly above 1.0 in case of urban consumers' expenditures. Income elasticity has declined over time. Meanwhile the coefficient of price elasticity is not significant, indicating that the relative price of clothing have little connection with clothing expenditure.lothing expenditure.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.531-543
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• 2021

Background: Population aging is a serious problem in Korea. And we have experienced a rapid increase in the health expenditures of the elderly. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of having a usual source of care (USC) for the elderly. Methods: This study used the Korea Health Panel Survey data of 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018. The sample was the person who answered the USC questions among the elderly. The panel logit model was used to analyze the determinants of having USC and the panel simultaneous equation model was used to analyze the effect of having USC among the elderly on the medical expenses, medical utilization, and subjective health status. Results: The estimation result shows that age, income, marriage, and so forth turn out to be the factors of having USC. Having the clinic level USC is estimated to reduce the health care utilization and the health expenditure and to improve the subjective health status. Conclusion: It is expected that the result of our analysis will provide evidence for encouraging having USC.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.73-86
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• 1999

Using the 1996 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure Survey this study investigated the effect of employment status on food expenditure patterns of elderly households. The effect of employment status of elderly households was not significant in food-at-home expenditures while it was significant in food-away-from-home expenditures. As the results of this study income age family size education number of earners home ownership and region were found to influence the food-at-home expenditures of elderly households whereas income family size number of earners and education were significantly associated with the food-away-from-home expenditures of elderly households.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.131-144
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the overspending in Korean urban households. Data for this study were from the 2001 Household Income and Expenditure Survey and consisted of a sample of 3,250 households. The mean of the spending to income ratio was 1.02 and 37% of the households spent more than 100% of their taken-home income. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of overspending. Education, job, household type, the number of earners, the number of children, life cycle, location, and home ownership were significant variables which influence the overspending. The results of this study is useful for financial planners and counselors to make a guide line for overspenders.