• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2023

This study aims to distinguish what can be used in consideration of the national situation with Korea for Chinese Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, and the results are as follows; First, the Chinese Scenic and Historic Interest Areas expanded to the existing scenic cruise culture, travel, and tourism culture in the process of the influx of Western culture in the modern and contemporary era, and became popular as a travel destination. Accordingly, the Chinese government developed the tourism industry around the scenic sites, and thanks to the development of transportation and communication, the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas has become an important national heritage. This influenced the establishment of the system related to Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, and today, it is operated around the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas ordinance. Second, the designation of the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas is divided into the size of the site according to the area, and the process of selecting the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas classification, rating evaluation, and comprehensive value evaluation according to evaluation indicators and rating standards is carried out. Accordingly, according to the results of the classification, it is subdivided from the national level to the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas at the local level. Third, the central government is in charge of managing and supervising Scenic and Historic Interest Areas across the country, and the local government's construction department is in charge of supervising Scenic and Historic Interest Areas in the region. The management organization of Scenic and Historic Interest Areas established by local governments above the county level has a system that actually protects, utilizes, and manages Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. In addition, 14 detailed indicators are used to monitor Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. Based on these results, considering the application of the domestic scenic site policy, the method of developing the policy that has established the system from the perspective of the utilization of the people is worth considering. On the other hand, the evaluation of the designation and management system through the setting of various indicators has limitations in that it is difficult to secure objectivity in impressing or evaluating the landscape. Therefore, rather than blindly introducing quantified evaluation, it seems that guidance and promotion on how to expand consensus on scenic values and enjoy heritage should be prioritized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under Japanese Colonization, but North Korea and South Korea were forced to establish separate natural monument management policies because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument management policies of both south and North Korea between 1933 and 2005 to introduce new policies for Korea unification. The following are the results: First, South Korea manages every type of cultural asset, including natural monuments, through the 'Cultural Heritage Protection Act,' whereas North Korea managing its cultural assets through the 'Cultural Relics Protection Act' and the 'Landmark/Natural Monument Protection Act.' Second, South Korea preserves and utilizes natural monuments for the purpose of promoting the cultural experience of Korean people and contributing to the development of world culture, whereas North Korea uses its natural monuments to promote the superiority of socialism and protect its ruling power. Third, North and South Korea have similar classification systems for animals, plants, and geology, but North Korea classifies geography as one of its natural monuments. Unlike South Korea, North Korea also designates imported animals and plants not only for the preservation and research of genetic resources, but also for their value as economic resources. Fourth, North Korea authorizes the Cabinet to designate and cancel natural monuments, whereas South Korea designates and cancels natural monuments by the Cultural Heritage Administration through the deliberation of a Cultural Heritage Committee. Both Koreas' central administrations establish policies and their local governments carry them out, while their management systems are quite different. In conclusion, it is important to establish specified laws for the conservation of natural heritages and clarified standards of designation in order to improve the preservation and management system and to sustain the diversity of natural preservation. Moreover it is also necessary to discover resources in various fields, designate protection zones, and preserve imported trees. By doing so, we shall improve South Korea's natural monument management policies and ultimately enhance national homogeneity in preparation for the reunification of the Koreas in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.48-56
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• 2010

Since ancient times, Korea has been called a land of beauty. Scenic sites under the Cultural Properties Protection Act include picturesque places that are famous for their natural scenic beauty as well as their historical and cultural value. Scenic sites are managed as natural assets to promote their preservation and use. However, the management of scenic sites can produce adverse effects on regional development and ownership rights. Moreover, the purpose of their designation as cultural assets is not fully understood because scenic sites are managed by focusing on restraint on users' act the same as was applied to historic sites. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to protect inhabitants' rights of ownership by arranging the boundaries of designated areas and by providing standard permission for condition changes in the Buryeongsa Valley, which was designated as a Scenic Site in 1979. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, arranging the boundaries of the designated area includes the arrangement of the edge lines standardized on the visual range of the mountain ridge, preventing the loss of landscape beauty in the designated district; the internal clearing district focuses on the existing settlement. Gearing the designated areas after the arrangement of the boundaries results in $11,928,932m^2$, 38.6% compared to the existing designated areas. Second, it establishes a 500m buffer zone inside the radius of the boundary of the cultural asset as a standard for condition changes that seriously affect landscape preservation. Third, the standards for permission on building 'height regulations' are divided into flat and gable, according to the roof shape. The adopted standard is 8m high for 2 story flat roofs, and 12m high for 2 story gable roofs.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.773-778
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• 2015

Global warming has recently become an issue that has resulted in a growing trend to minimize environmental pollution. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has shown that the majority of marine atmospheric pollution occurs as a result of emissions from marine vessels. Therefore, the environmental regulations and emission standards regarding marine vessels have gradually become stricter, and the research and development in this area is experiencing significant progress. In this study, a nozzle for a fuel oil scrubber was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). Experiments were conducted on scaled-down model of the scrubber to determine its performance, which was then compared with CFD results. Based on the experimental results, it was found that at a spray angle of $66^{\circ}$, the spray velocity at the nozzle was 20.1 m/s. From this comparison, a full-scale scrubber model was analyzed using CFD, and the effect of the positioning of the nozzle was studied.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

Standards suitable for local conditions on deciding one-way road are desperately required to solve traffic congestions at the backside roads in the old downtown areas which were not designated as a road by urban planning. Therefore, this study intends to re-establish a standard to decide one-way road which is regarded to be of the greatest effect among traffic system control methods in order to control one-way road system more efficiently. Also, this paper suggests a standard for such decision to improve efficiency of using backside roads and expand designation of one-way road. AHP (analytic hierarchy process) was carried out among the traffic experts to find out the factors to decide one-way road system. Its result reveals that importance of causing accident to walking quantity and traffic was high. 10,000 cases out of all the possible scenarios of accident by combining detailed evaluation items and scales were extracted to draw the outcomes of analyzing the scenarios, which were schematized in a graph. As a result, division by three sections of point of inflection was verified into $1{\leq}$ section A<1.91, 1.9$1{\leq}$ section B<2.08, and $2.08{\leq}$ section C<3. In other words, priority of deciding one-way road should be given to section C, the highest total point, while posterior to section A, where relatively low points are distributed. The standard on deciding one-way road suggested in this paper may be used for designating one-way road and basic data to re-establish the relevant system in the future.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2015

For the purpose of improving the efficiency of the radiation impact assessment of dry interim storage facilities for the spent nuclear fuel of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), radiation impact assessment was performed after the application of sensitivity assessment according to the radiation source term designation method, development of a 2-step calculation technique, and cooling time credit. The present study successively designated radiation source terms in accordance with the cask arrangement order in the shielding building, assessed sensitivity, which affects direct dose, and confirmed that the radiation dosage of the external walls of the shielding building was dominantly affected by the two columns closest to the internal walls. In addition, in the case in which shielding buildings were introduced into storage facilities, the present study established and assessed the 2-step calculation technique, which can reduce the immense computational analysis time. Consequently, results similar to those from existing calculations were derived in approximately half the analysis time. Finally, when radiation source terms were established by adding the storage period of the storage casks successively stored in the storage facilities and the cooling period of the spent nuclear fuel, the radiation dose of the external walls of the buildings was confirmed to be approximately 40% lower than the calculated values; the cooling period was established as being identical. The present study was conducted to improve the efficiency of the Monte Carlo shielding analysis method for radiation impact assessment of interim storage facilities. If reliability is improved through the assessment of more diverse cases, the results of the present study can be used for the design of storage facilities and the establishment of site boundary standards.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.66-73
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• 2022

In order to induce users to purchase excellent products in the water industry that satisfy the technical standards of excellent products, in this study, it is to present the advantages of the cost aspect of the pumps as the objective basis. It will be to promote technology development of domestic water companies and to create a virtuous cycle structure in the water industry. In order to present an objective basis for the merits in terms of cost, an economic evaluation was conducted through life cycle cost analysis. For the LCC analysis, initial cost (pump cost and installation cost), operation cost (energy cost and maintenance cost) and demolition cost (disposal cost and residual value) are searched and calculated. As the results of comparison on two capacity of pumps, the energy cost of the excellent pump is 212 million KRW lower than the that of general pump in the large pump. The cost of excellent pump was 17 million KRW lower than that of general pump in small capacity pump. As the results of sensibility test, if the product is developed in the direction of improving pump efficiency and increasing the replacement cycle of consumables, it is predicted that the effect on LCC will be large.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.63-94
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• 2002

On the purpose to suggest an advanced scheme in assessing the domestic wheat quality, this paper reviewed the inspection systems of wheat in major wheat producing countries as well as the quality criteria which are being used in wheat grading and classification. Most wheat producing countries are adopting both classifications of class and grade to provide an objective evaluation and an official certification to their wheat. There are two main purposes in the wheat classification. The first objectives of classification is to match the wheat with market requirements to maximize market opportunities and returns to growers. The second is to ensure that payments to glowers aye made on the basis of the quality and condition of the grain delivered. Wheat classes has been assigned based on the combination of cultivation area, seed-coat color, kernel and varietal characteristics that are distinctive. Most reputable wheat marketers also employ a similar approach, whereby varieties of a particular type are grouped together, designed by seed coat colour, grain hardness, physical dough properties, and sometimes more precise specification such as starch quality, all of which are genetically inherited characteristics. This classification in simplistic terms is the categorization of a wheat variety into a commercial type or style of wheat that is recognizable for its end use capabilities. All varieties registered in a class are required to have a similar end-use performance that the shipment be consistent in processing quality, cargo to cargo and year to year, Grain inspectors have historically determined wheat classes according to visual kernel characteristics associated with traditional wheat varieties. As well, any new wheat variety must not conflict with the visual distinguishability rule that is used to separate wheats of different classes. Some varieties may possess characteristics of two or more classes. Therefore, knowledge of distinct varietal characteristics is necessary in making class determinations. The grading system sets maximum tolerance levels for a range of characteristics that ensure functionality and freedom from deleterious factors. Tests for the grading of wheat include such factors as plumpness, soundness, cleanliness, purity of type and general condition. Plumpness is measured by test weight. Soundness is indicated by the absence or presence of musty, sour or commercially objectionable foreign odors and by the percentage of damaged kernels that ave present in the wheat. Cleanliness is measured by determining the presence of foreign material after dockage has been removed. Purity of class is measured by classification of wheats in the test sample and by limitation for admixtures of different classes of wheat. Moisture does not influence the numerical grade. However, it is determined on all shipments and reported on the official certificate. U.S. wheat is divided into eight classes based on color, kernel Hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes are Durum, Hard Red Spring, Hard Red Winter, Soft Red Winter, Hard White, soft White, Unclassed and Mixed. Among them, Hard Red Spring wheat, Durum wheat, and Soft White wheat are further divided into three subclasses, respectively. Each class or subclass is divided into five U.S. numerical grades and U.S. Sample grade. Special grades are provided to emphasize special qualities or conditions affecting the value of wheat and are added to and made a part of the grade designation. Canadian wheat is also divided into fourteen classes based on cultivation area, color, kernel hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes have 2-5 numerical grades, a feed grade and sample grades depending on class and grading tolerance. The Canadian grading system is based mainly on visual evaluation, and it works based on the kernel visual distinguishability concept. The Australian wheat is classified based on geographical and quality differentiation. The wheat grown in Australia is predominantly white grained. There are commonly up to 20 different segregations of wheat in a given season. Each variety grown is assigned a category and a growing areas. The state governments in Australia, in cooperation with the Australian Wheat Board(AWB), issue receival standards and dockage schedules annually that list grade specifications and tolerances for Australian wheat. AWB is managing "Golden Rewards" which is designed to provide pricing accuracy and market signals for Australia's grain growers. Continuous payment scales for protein content from 6 to 16% and screenings levels from 0 to 10% based on varietal classification are presented by the Golden Rewards, and the active payment scales and prices can change with market movements.movements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

This study was wanted to select a value evaluation item to maintain the authenticity of the Planting Landscape in Hahoe and Yangdong villages. Above all, after checking the suitability of the 43 selected items by the Focus Group Interview, the weight was calculated in the Analytic Hierarchy Process expert questionnaire to establish the importance of the indicators for the development of the assessment items. The expert analysis analyzed the importance of 2 sections, 6 divisions and 11 detailed categories, and summarized the results of the study as follows : First, the comparative importance of each category and selection of the assessment items for the stabilization of the Planting Landscape of Hahoe and Yangdong indicated that cultural values are more important than biological values. In particular, details of the biological values of trees were derived with relatively low estimates, except for the specific characteristics of species and items of type of tree. Second, as a result of verification of the suitability of the 43 items selected by the Focus Group Interview, the source diameter, the collection width, reception, flushing, supersonality, records, memorials, 11 items were selected, Third, the results of the importance evaluation of the value properties for maintaining the resistance of vegetation through the Analytic Hierarchy Process were : specific in biological values (0.187), steady (0.094), and water pipe width (2007). There was relatively little difference in the highest weights, the width of the pipe except for the lowest value received, and the source diameter flushing. Fourth, the results of an evaluation of the importance of a value property aimed at historical values were whether or not the cultural asset was designated (0.134), the record value (0.092), the time (0.088), and the monument (0.063). In terms of the importance of evaluating the historical values of Planting sites consisting of Hahoe and Yangdong, the importance of designation of cultural properties was considered to be relative to the maintenance of the Planting Landscape including culture and history. Based on the assessment items and weighted values of the Planting Landscape of Yangdong Village and the World Cultural Heritage below and below, this study's Analytic Hierarchy Process can be applied to actual criteria for the assessment of the authenticity of trees in the village. Based on the assessment items and weighted values of the Planting Landscape in Hahoe and Yangdong villages, a follow-up study on the assessment standards for the authenticity of trees in the village will be left as a future task.