• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.98-133
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• 1987

The mechanical and rheological properties of agricultural materials are important for engineering design and analysis of their mechanical harvesting, handling, transporting and processing systems. Agricultural materials, which composed of structural members and fluids do not react in a purely elastic manner, and their response when subjected to stress and strain is a combination of elastic and viscous behavior so called viscoelastic behavior. Many researchers have conducted studies on the mechanical and rheological properties of the various agricultural products, but a few researcher has studied those properties of rice plant, and also those data are available only for foreign varieties of rice plant. This study are conducted to experimentally determine the mechanical and the rheological properties such as axial compressive strength, tensile strength, bending and shear strength, stress relaxation and creep behavior of rice stems, and grain detachment strength. The rheological models for the rice stem were developed from the test data. The shearing characteristics were examined at some different levels of portion, cross-sectional area, moisture content of rice stem and shearing angle. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows 1. The mechanical properties of the stems of the J aponica types were greater than those of the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid in compression, tension, bendingand shearing. 2. The mean value of the compressive force was 80.5 N in the Japonica types and 55.5 N in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was about 70 percent to that of the Japonica types, and then the value increased progressively at the lower portion of the stems generally. 3. The average tensile force was about 226.6 N in the Japonica types and 123.6 N in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was about 55 percent to that of the Japonica types. 4. The bending moment was $0.19N{\cdot}m$ in the Japonica types and $0.13N{\cdot}m$ in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was 68 percent to that of the Japonica types and the bending strength was 7.7 MPa in the Japonica types and 6.5 MPa in the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid respectively. 5. The shearing force was 141.1 N in Jinju, the Japonica type and 101.4 N in Taebaeg, the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid which was 72 percent to that of Jinju, and the shearing strength of Taebaeg was 63 percent to that of Jinju. 6. The shearing force and the shearing energy along the stem portion in Jinju increased progressively together at the lower portions, meanwhile in Taebaeg the shearing force showed the maximum value at the intermediate portion and the shearing energy was the greatest at the portion of 21 cm from the ground level, and also the shearing strength and the shearing energy per unit cross-sectional area of the stem were the greater values at the intermediate portion than at any other portions. 7. The shearing force and the shearing energy increased with increase of the cross-sectional area of the rice stem and with decrease of the shearing angie from $90^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$. 8. The shearing forces showed the minimum values of 110 N at Jinju and of 60 N at Taebaeg, the shearing energy at the moisture content decreased about 15 percent point from initial moisture content showed value of 50 mJ in Jinju and of 30 mJ in Taebaeg, respectively. 9. The stress relaxation behavior could be described by the generalized Maxwell model and also the compression creep behavior by Burger's model, respectively in the rice stem. 10. With increase of loading rate, the stress relaxation intensity increased, meanwhile the relaxation time and residual stress decreased. 11. In the compression creep test, the logarithmic creep occured at the stress less than 2.0 MPa and the steady-state creep at the stress larger than 2.0 MPa. 12. The stress level had not a significant effect on the relaxation time, while the relaxation intensity and residual stress increased with increase of the stress level. 13. In the compression creep test of the rice stem, the instantaneous elastic modulus of Burger's model showed the range of 60 to 80 MPa and the viscosities of the free dashpot were very large numerical value which was well explained that the rice stem was viscoelastic material. 14. The tensile detachment forces were about 1.7 to 2.3 N in the Japonica types while about 1.0 to 1.3 N in Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid corresponding to 58 percent of Japonica types, and the bending detachment forces were about 0.6 to 1.1 N corresponding to 30 to 50 percent of the tensile detachment forces, and the bending detachment of the Indica ${\times}$ Japonica hybrid was 0.1 to 0.3 N which was 7 to 21 percent of Japonica types. 15. The detachment force of the lower portion was little bigger than that of the upper portion in a penicle and was not significantly affected by the harvesting period from September 28 to October 20. 16. The tensile and bending detachment forces decreased with decrease of the moisture content from 23 to 13 percent (w.b.) by the natural drying, and the decreasing rate of detachment forces along the moisture content was the greater in the bending detachment force than the tensile detachment force.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.605-619
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• 2014

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2013. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and relative parts including orifices, dampers and ducts, fuel cells and power plants, cooling and air-conditioning, heat and mass transfer, two phase flow, and the flow around buildings and structures. Research issues dealing with home appliances, flows around buildings, nuclear power plant, and manufacturing processes are newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for general analytical model for desiccant wheels, the effects of water absorption on the thermal conductivity of insulation materials, thermal properties of Octadecane/xGnP shape-stabilized phase change materials and $CO_2$ and $CO_2$-Hydrate mixture, effect of ground source heat pump system, the heat flux meter location for the performance test of a refrigerator vacuum insulation panel, a parallel flow evaporator for a heat pump dryer, the condensation risk assessment of vacuum multi-layer glass and triple glass, optimization of a forced convection type PCM refrigeration module, surface temperature sensor using fluorescent nanoporous thin film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on ammonia inside horizontal smooth small tube, R1234yf on various enhanced surfaces, HFC32/HFC152a on a plain surface, spray cooling up to critical heat flux on a low-fin enhanced surface were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a fin tube type adsorber, the mass-transfer kinetics of a fin-tube-type adsorption bed, fin-and-tube heat exchangers having sine wave fins and oval tubes, louvered fin heat exchanger were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, studies are categorized into three groups namely refrigeration cycle, refrigerant and modeling and control. In the category of refrigeration cycle, studies were focused on the enhancement or optimization of experimental or commercial systems including a R410a VRF(Various Refrigerant Flow) heat pump, a R134a 2-stage screw heat pump and a R134a double-heat source automotive air-conditioner system. In the category of refrigerant, studies were carried out for the application of alternative refrigerants or refrigeration technologies including $CO_2$ water heaters, a R1234yf automotive air-conditioner, a R436b water cooler and a thermoelectric refrigerator. In the category of modeling and control, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out to predict the performance of various thermal and control systems including the long-term energy analysis of a geo-thermal heat pump system coupled to cast-in-place energy piles, the dynamic simulation of a water heater-coupled hybrid heat pump and the numerical simulation of an integral optimum regulating controller for a system heat pump. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty one studies were conducted to achieve effective design of the mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment is mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment are related to infiltration, ventilation, leak flow and airtightness performance in residential building. The subjects of building energy are worked on energy saving, operation method and optimum operation of building energy systems. The remained studies are related to the special facility such as cleanroom, internet data center and biosafety laboratory. water supply and drain system, defining standard input variables of BIM (Building Information Modeling) for facility management system, estimating capability and providing operation guidelines of subway station as shelter for refuge and evaluation of pollutant emissions from furniture-like products.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.90-101
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• 2000

The study attempts to examine the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. It puts unique nursing intervention using traditional health promotion connected with oriental medicine to practical use for residents' health promotion and prevention of disease. With the study design of cross-sectional descriptive study, 516 residents who live in 26 Dongs, Dongdaemoon-gu were selected. The tool of study consists of 30 questions which the study team made for the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. Cronbach's $\alpha$ in the degree of cognition was .8028. Collection of research data had been done from October 1 to October 30, 1999 with help of Dongdaemoon-gu office after pretest from 20 residents. Collected data were analyzed into the number and percentage in the characteristic of a subject and connected with demand on the establishment of center, the mean and the standard deviation in the degree of cognition and F-tests in the difference of the degree of cognition by characteristics. The results were as follow; 1) The characteristic of subject of this study was male 50.6%, and average age was 38.5 years old and 30-39 years old occupied the highest percentage with 31.6%. The married were 71.8%, over high school graduates was 85.6%, monthly income from 500 thousand won to 2 million won was 86.1%. 50.8% was the type living with parents, children and sibling. 2) When they were sick, the institution which residents used at first was a pharmacy(69.2%) and hospital(27.5%), but oriental medicine hospital was just 1.4%. As for subjective health condition, 82.5% answered over average, and 28.7% answered that they had chronic illness such as arthritis, chronic digestion problem, hypertension and so on. As for information collection on health, mass communication(34.9%) and medically concerned people(28.1%) occupied relatively high rate. Free health diagnosis system(36.8%) and establishment of health promotion center(31.5%) among welfare programs that residents want to enjoy were high ranked. The rate using a special institution for health was 17.8%, and among these institutions, the rate using aerobic exercises, health center(7.0%) and steamed room(5.4%) was high. Besides, other institutions such as breathing at the abdomen, finger-pressure therapy, meridian massage, foot massage, and so on were being used. 3) As the average of the degree of cognition on health promotion center of oriental medicine was 2.92, the degree of cognition was medium. The description, "health promotion center of oriental medicine is necessary for health keeping of healthy people, including people who have a problem in health" showed the highest degree of cognition(3.04, ${\pm}0.64$). 4) As for the intention on using health promotion center of oriental nursing, 61.4% said "yes", "no" was just 1.4%. The services that people relatively high wanted to be served from the center were measures reducing stress(68.0%) (relaxation therapy, meditation, breathing at the abdomen and so on), acupuncture(66.5%), finger-pressure(61.6%), moxibustion(57.6%), meridian massage(44.2%), postpartum care(40.3%) and so on. 5) As for the degree of cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing by characteristics of subject, there was significant difference(F=4.03, p=.046) between male(3.01) and female(2.91). But there was no significant difference by age, marital status, level of educational achievement and monthly income. As the above result, cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing was relatively low because people were not familiar with about the health promotion center of oriental nursing yet. However once the center will be established, the degree of demand on the center will be relatively high. So positive advertisement will be necessary, and the management of useful programs will be also required in order to make people recognize the advantage when they actually will use the center. On the other hand, as the subject of the study consists of many young people of below 30, the health problem came to be low. And in the case of sampling, the study using random sampling that can represent population will be required.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2011

측두하악관절장애는 저작근, 측두하악관절, 주변 구조물 또는 모두를 포함하는 다수의 임상문제를 포함하는 용어이다. 근막동통은 측두하악관절장애 중 저작근 장애의 한 종류로, 근막 발통점에 의해 발생하는 감각, 운동, 자율신경 증상이다. 측두하악관절장애와 근막동통의 원인에 대한 논쟁이 지속되어왔다. 특히 교합 원인은 오랫동안 논쟁의 핵심이었으며, 많은 노력에도 불구하고 교합원인에 대한 연구는 상반된 결과를 보였다. 이런 논쟁은 대부분이 측두하악관절장애 본연의 복잡성에서 기인하지만, 부적절하고 부적당한 연구설계, 선정기준, 연구방법 또한 중요한 역할을 한다. 최근에 교합분석시 시간과 상대적 힘이 측정가능한 컴퓨터 교합분석 기기인 T-Scan II가 소개되었다. 일부 저자들은 T-Scan II를 이용하여 이개시간 개념 및 연장된 구치부 이개시간과 근막통증의 연관성에 대하여 제안하였다. 그러나 T-Scan II를 이용한 기존의 연구들은 근막통증에 대한 정확한 진단 기준을 제시하지 못하였으며, 대조군과의 비교 부재 및 다른 많은 문제점을 가지고 있었기 때문에 신뢰할 만하지 못하다. 이번 연구의 목적은 컴퓨터 교합분석 기기인 T-Scan II을 이용하여 30명의 실험군을 선택하고 이를 38명의 대조군과 비교함으로써, 근막통증과 구치부 이개시간과의 연관성을 평가하는 것이다. 통계적으로 분석된 결과는 다음과 같다: 1. 반복 측정한 이개시간의 Cronbach ${\alpha}$ 계수는 0.92 였다. 2. 반복 측정한 이개시간 평가시 양측에서 실험군과 대조군 사이 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3. 이개시간 평가시 좌측 우측 사이에 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터 근막통증과 이개시간 사이에는 관련성이 없는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 근막통증을 치료하기 위하여 이개시간을 줄이는 비가역적인 치료는 적절치 않다. 향후의 연구에 있어서, 여러 교합요소와 헬키모 지수 등을 이용하여 증상의 정량화를 고려한 보다 통제된 대규모 환자 집단에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.371-383
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• 2012

성공적인 근관치료를 위하여 원래 근관 형태를 따르는 근관 성형 과정이 중요하다. 그러나 대부분의 근관은 만곡되어 있고, 근관 성형 기구는 직선의 금속을 기본으로 만들어지기 때문에 근관 성형 후 만곡 근관이 원래 근관 형태를 벗어나는 오류가 나타날 수 있다. 이런 오류들로 인하여 근관 치료가 실패할 수 있으므로 근관 성형시 원래 만곡형태를 유지할 수 있는 다양한 기술과 방법들이 소개되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 만곡 근관 형태의 레진 모형을 이용하여 기구의 형태와 사용방법이 다른 세 가지 Ni-Ti 파일을 사용하여 Ni-Ti 파일 종류에 따른 만곡 근관에 대한 성형 후 형태 유지능을 비교하는 것이다. 직경과 경사도가 ISO 15, 0.02인 30개의 레진모형을 사용하였다. 그룹 1은 Profile을 이용하여 #20/.06까지 근관 성형하였고, 그룹 2는 Mtwo를 이용하여 #35/.04까지 근관 성형하였으며, 그룹 3은 PathFile을 이용하여 glide path를 만들어준 다음 WaveOne 파일 중 Primary을 사용하여 근관 성형하였다. 기구 사용 전과 후의 레진모형을 스캔하여 디지털 이미지로 만들었다. 각 이미지를 중첩시킨 다음 Matlab r2010b 소프트웨어를 이용하여 곡률반경의 비(CRr)를 계산하였다. 이를 바탕으로 Ni-Ti file 간 성형 후 형태 유지능을 비교하기 위하여 1-way ANOVA를 이용하여 세 그룹의 CRr의 차이에 대한 유의성 검정을 시행하였다.(P<.05) 또한 continuous rotary system과 single file system간의 형태 유지능을 비교하기 위하여 independent t-test를 이용하였다.(P<.05) 곡률반경의 비(CRr)를 이용하여 Ni-Ti 파일 종류에 따른 만곡 근관의 형태 유지능을 비교한 결과 Ni-Ti file 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다.(P<0.05) ProFile과 WaveOne은 Mtwo에 비해서 만곡 근관에서의 형태 유지능이 우수하게 나타났다.Ni-Ti 기구 사용 방법에 따른 만곡 근관 형태 유지능을 비교한 결과 continuous rotary system과 single file system 간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.(P>0.05) 본 연구결과에 따르면, ProFile과 WaveOne은 Mtwo에 비하여 만곡 근관에서의 형태 유지능이 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났으므로, ProFile과 WaveOne이 만곡근관에 대한 형태 유지능이 우수하다고 할 수 있다. 만곡근관에서의 형태 유지능에 있어서 continuous rotary system과 single file system은 만곡근관에서의 형태 유지능에 차이가 없다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.795-814
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• 2001

To evaluate the effect of sex education on middle school students' access to the obscene online computer and video film contents. 154 students were selected as experimental group. and 154 students were selected as control group, sampled randomly from Andong. Kyungbook, Korea. An analysis was performed. A non-equivalent control group pre test-post test research design was used. The data were collected from April 2nd to April 19th. 2001. A pre-survey was done on general characteristics and the condition of accessing obscene online computer and video film contents on both experimental and control group. From the survey results information. sex education contents were put together. The researcher organized 3 ready-made sex education program and explained to the four school health nurses about the ready-made sex education program step by step and they educated their selected students with three classes of 45 minutes lecture. Two weeks after the last lecture, a post-test was conducted. Four weeks from the last lecture, another post-test was conducted. The existing studies by Choi Yongseon(1998) and Kim Hyeok(1998) were reviewed and two professors in the department of community health nursing advised on the study questionnaire writing. An SPSS Win 10.0 was used. The data of respondents' general characteristics were analyzed using frequency and percentage. $X^2$ test was used to verify the homogeneity of the experimental group and the control group. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to find out whether sex education had an effect on the awareness of obscene online computer and video film contents and under-age prostitution through the online computer networks. and time and frequency of access to the obscene online computer and video film contents. The results of the study are as follow. 1. The results of the verification of homogeneity between the experimental group and the control group showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. 2. The first hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would have a higher level of awareness of accessing obscene contents than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.0001. 3. The second hypothesis. 'the experimental group which received sex education would have a higher level of awareness of underage prostitution on computer networks than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.05. 4. The third hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would spend time less accessing obscene video and computer contents than the control group which did not receive the education' was rejected at p>.05. 5. The 4-1 hypothesis. 'the experimental group which received sex education would access obscene computer contents less frequently than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.0001. 6. The 4-2 hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would access obscene video contents less frequently than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.0001. In conclusion, a systematic step-by-step sex education program should be developed to protect middle school students from the harmful online computer and video film access. An effective teaching material for sex education should be prepared to decrease middle school students' access to obscene online computer and video film contents.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.172-180
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• 2007

[ $^{15}O$ ]을 이용한 양전자 방출 단층촬영 기법(Positron emission tomography)은 핵의학 영상 기법 중에서 두뇌의 인지 기능과 연관된 두뇌 활성화를 정상인과 환자들로부터 연구하는데 큰 장점이 있다. $^{15}O-PET$, 특히 $H_2^{15}O$ PET 기법은 두뇌 국소 혈류 변화(rCBF; regional brain flow)를 상대적으로 비침습적이면서 동시에 정량적 측정할 수 있기 때문에 두뇌 기능을 연구하는데 오늘날 존재하는 핵의학 영상기법 중에서 가장 광범위하게 쓰이고 있다. 특히 $^{15}O$은 짧은 반감기로 인하여, 동일한 피험자를 서로 다른 과제 조건에서 반복적으로 측정하는 것이 가능하다. 이 PET기법은 fMRI와 같은 다른 기능 영상 기법에 비하여 기술적 제한이 있는데, 예를 들면 시간과 공간 해상도가 좋지 않다든지, 개인 데이터를 분석하기에 통계적 효율성이 부족하다거나 하는 문제이다. 그러나 최근에 3D 획득방법 같은 기술적인 발전으로 적은 양의 방사능 dose로 좋은 영상을 획득하는 것이 가능하게 되었고, 이는 다시 개개인으로부터 더 많은 수의 PET 스캔을 획득하는 것을 가능하게 하며, 결과적으로 개인 데이터의 분석이 가능한 통계적 효율성을 제공하게 되었다. 그 외에 $^{15}O$ PET 의 스캐너 환경이 소음에서부터 자유롭다던가, 개개 스캔이 각 과제 조건에서 불연속적이지 획득되기 때문에 상태 특정적 두뇌 변화를 연구하기에 유리하다는 PET연구 만의 장점이 있다. 본 종설에서는 정상인들이나 임상적 환자 집단을 사용한 예시적 연구들을 들어 $^{15}O$ PET의 장점과 한계를 논하고, 두뇌 활성화 연구에 효율적인 PET 연구 절차를 고안하기 위해 고려해야 할 사항들에 대하여 논하였다.TEX>$29.9{\pm}1.8%$, DMF: $7.6{\pm}0.5%$이었다. MEK에서 얻은 $[^{11}C]1$의 비방사능은 98 ($GBq/{\mu}mol$)이다. 각 물질의 질량 분석은 1: m/z 257.3 (M+1), 2: 257.3 (M+1), 3: 271.3 (M+1)이었다. 각 생성물질의 표지효율은 MEK에서 $86.0{\pm}5.5%:5.0{\pm}3.4%:1.5{\pm}1.3%$ $([^{11}C]1:[^{11}C]2:[^{11}C]3)$, CHO에서 $59.7{\pm}2.4%:4.7{\pm}3.2%:1.3{\pm}0.5%$, DEK에서 $29.9{\pm}1.8%:2.0{\pm}0.7%:0.3{\pm}0.1%$, DMF에서 $7.6{\pm}0.5%:0.0%:0.0%$이다. 결론: $[^{11}C]1$은 4가지 반응용매 중 MEK 반응용매에서 가장 높은 표지효율을 나타냈다. 부산물인 $[^{11}C]3$은 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피의 자외선, 방사능 검출기와 질량 분석법을 통해 물질을 추정할 수 있었다.의 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되며 지질과산화에 대해서 강한 억제 활성을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과로 복분자는 생활 습관병의 예방과 개선에 유효한 것으로 사료되었으며, 지질대사와 과산화지표의 검증을 통해 기능성 식품소재로 활용될 수 있음을 보여주었다.로서 역시 CTV 치료계획에서 적게 조사되었다(p=0.005). 기존의 ICRU 치료계획은 잔류종양의 크기가 작은 경우 불필요하게 정상조직에 많은 선량이 투여되기 때문에 CT를 이용한 CTV 치료계획을 적용하여 정상조직에 대한 피폭을 현저히 낮추고 잔류종양에 목표한 선량을 조사할 수 있다.

• 지질공학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.471-482
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• 2008

이 연구는 충남 연기군 원성리에 소재하고 있는 안티몬공장에서 산업폐기물로 발생된 안티몬 폐기물을 매립지의 토양수, 인접하천수, 인근마을 지하수에서 안티몬을 포함한 일부 중금속에 의한 오염특성을 밝히고자 수행되었다. 하지만 현재 매립지는 수년전에 폐기물은 수거하여 다른 지역으로 옮긴 후 복토된 상태이다. 본 연구를 위하여 조사지역에서 지하수, 하천수, 토양수 총 35점을 채취하였고 대조마을에서 2점의 지하수를 채취하였다. 연구결과 매립지 농지의 토양수에는 안티몬의 농도가 대조마을 지하수보다 훨씬 높은 $48.75{\sim}74.81\;ppb$의 범위를 보여, 이는 주요 선진국 음용수 수질 기준치를 최고 수 십 배 상회한다. 매립지와 접한 하천수 3지점, 마을지하수의 1곳, 안티몬공장내 지하수 1점에서도 안티몬의 농도가 비교적 높게 검출되었다. 철, 망간 등의 중금속이 토양수 및 하천수에서 최고 6.5 ppm, 7.3 ppm으로 매우 높은 값을 보인다. 그러나 그 외 중금속은 일부 토양수, 하천수, 지하수에서 대조마을 지하수보다 높은 값을 보이지만 수질기준치에 비해 상당히 낮은 같을 보인다. 모든 물 시료의 화학적 유형은 Ca-$HCO_3$ 유형에서 Ca-($Cl+SO_4+NO_3$) 유형까지 넓게 분포한다. 토양수가 Ca - $SO_4$의 유형을 보이는 것은 안티몬이 매립되었던 폐기물의 환산화물의 함유에 기인하는 것으로 보인다. 일부지하수는 칼륨과 질산염 성분의 높은 값을 보여 비료와 생활오염물질에 의한 오염을 보인다. 결론적으로 폐기물을 매립지의 복토층 아래 토양내 아직도 상당량 안티몬 등 중금속이 존재하며, 이들이 인근 하천 및 지하수를 오염시키고 농작물까지 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 적절한 방재 대책을 세워야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 국내 안티몬 폐기물에 의한 수질오염사례에 대한 최초의 연구결과로 환경부에서도 국가적 수질관리 차원에서 안티몬에 대한 대책을 세워야 할 것이다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.974-984
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• 2007

WTO체계 이후 급속히 변화하는 의류시장의 환경 속에서 진 제품 시장 역시 소비자의 다양한 취향에 따라 세분화 되고 있다. 이에 국내 진 브랜드들이 수입 진 브랜드들과의 경쟁에서 살아남기 위하여 소비자들이 추구하는 혜택은 무엇이며 그 혜택에 따른 제품을 평가하는 기준과 선호하는 이미지에 대한 연구의 필요성 이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 진 제품 구매자의 추구혜택을 알아보고 추구혜택 집단에 따라 제품평가기준과 선호 이미지에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상은 청바지 시장에서 주요 표적고객으로 선정되고 있는 20대 남, 녀 대학생으로 선정되었다. 표본추출법으로 할당표본추출법이 실시되었다. 자료수집은 설문지 응답방식으로 이루어 졌으며, 추구혜택, 제품평가기준 및 선호 의복이미지를 측정하기 위하여 선행연구에서 사용된 척도들을 본 연구에 맞도록 수정, 보완하여 사용하였다. 총 492부의 설문지가 자료의 분석을 위하여 사용되었으며, SPSS 11.5를 사용하여 cluster analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, ANOVA 및 Duncan test를 실시하였다. 진 제품 구매자의 추구혜택에 따라 소비자를 유형화시킨 결과, 4개의 집단으로 분류되었다. 집단 1은 성적매력, 유행, 개성, 실용성과 같은 의복의 표현적, 도구적인 혜택을 모두 추구하는 집단으로써 다혜택 추구 집단이라 명명하였으며, 집단 2는 유행을 가장 추구하는 집단으로써 유행추구 집단이라 명명하였으며, 집단 3은 경제성을 가장 추구하는 집단으로써 경제성 추구 집단이라 명명하였으며, 집단 4는 유명상표를 가장 추구하는 유명상표 추구 집단이라 명명하였다. 추구혜택 집단에 따른 평가기준의 차이를 알아본 결과 심미적 기준, 외재적 기준, 품질성능적 기준에서 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 즉 다혜택 추구 집단은 제품을 평가하는 단서로 심미적 기준과 품질 성능적 기준을 다른 집단보다 더 중요시 여기고 있었으며, 유명상표 추구 집단은 제품의 외재적 기준을 더 중요시 여기고 있었다. 반면 경제성 추구 집단은 진 제품에 있어서 심미적 기준이나 외재적 기준은 별로 중요하게 여기고 있지 않았다. 추구혜택 집단에 따라 선호 의복이미지에 차이가 있는지를 알아 본 결과 개성적 이미지, 활동적 이미지, 섹시한 이미지, 세련된 이미지, 심플한 이미지에서 유미한 차이가 나타났다. 즉 성적 매력, 유행, 개성, 실용성을 모두 추구하는 다혜택 추구 집단의 소비자들은 진 제품에서 개성적 이미지, 활동적 이미지, 섹시한 이미지, 세련된 이미지, 심플한 이미지 모두를 다른 집단에 비해 더 선호하고 있었으며, 유행을 추구하는 소비자들은 개성적 이미지를 더 선호하고 있었다. 또 유명상표를 추구하는 소비자들은 청바지를 착용함으로써 개성적 인 이미지와 세련된 이미지를 표현하는 것을 더 선호한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국호스피스완화의료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2004년도 정기총회 및 하계학술대회
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• pp.100-102
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• 2004

Under the current medical system, a terminal patient and his/her family who are neglected inevitably face various aspects of crises including not only physical, but also psychological, social, economic, spiritual and legal problems. Nurses often look after many terminal patents with these types of complicated problems. Therefore, educating the nurses who will take care of such patents would greatly reduce stress so the patents end could their lives in peace and without losing their dignity. This research is a quasi experimental study of nonequivalent control group. A pretest-posttest design where a basic education program is developed for nurses, who frequently treat terminal patents, to understand the importance of the role of hospice and to apply their understandings to treat terminal lancer patents. A sample of the nurses were taken from those who were working in general wards at two general hospitals in Seoul during October, 2003${\sim}$December 2003. The study was composed of 46 experimental group and 43 control group. A basic hospice education program was developed by taking emphasized and overlapping parts from advanced practice hospice nurses education course, short-term education course, an extensive literature survey and by consulting three professionals as well. With the group of 5 professors with vast experiences in oncolgy, 5 nursing administrator, 3 nursing practitioner, the tentative first version of the program was developed and reviewed. Afterwards, by utilizing person to person interviews with 2 head nurses experienced with terminal patients, 1 nurse in charge of hospice, 1 nurse on the contents of the program, and a person to person rating on the educating medium by a nurse were performed. The final version of a basic education program was developed after the second revision. The hospice basic education program consists of introduction to hospice, hospice and commucation, management of pain for terminal cancer patients, physical management for terminal cancer patients, socio-psycological caring of terminal cancer patients and management of death and separation. Total education time was four hours organized into 50 minutes of instruction and 10 minutes of break. $Powerpoint^{(R)}$ software was used as the education medium. As research tools, "Knowledge on Hospice" was developed by the author after receiving a review from one expert. "Attitude of Hospice Nursing" was revised Kim(2001)'s attitude measuring tool which was based on Wang(1998), Kwon(1989), Park and Sung(1991)'s tool. "Liability on nursing terminal patients" was used as developed by Zarits(1980) and Mongomory(1985) translated by Lee(1985). For collecting data, preliminary investigation prior to 1 week of the hospice basic education program and post-investigations after 1 week and 4 weeks of the education were carried out for the nurses at a general ward who understood and agreed on the purpose of the program. Collected data were analyzed throughout t-test, $x^2-test$, Manova test and Bonferroni correction in $SAS^{(R)}$ program. The summary of the investigation is as follows: Hypothesis 1: "Educated experimental group would possess more knowledge on hospice compared to the un-educated control group" was supported after 1 (F=12.14, p=.00) and 4 (F=5.3, p=.02) weeks of education. Hypothesis 2: "Educated experimental group would take a positive attitude toward hospice nursing compared to the un-educated control group" was supported after 1(F=3.92, p=.05) and 4(F=5.05, p=.02) weeks of education. Hypothesis 3: "Educated experimental poop would feel less liability compared to the un-educated control group in nursing terminal cancer patients' was rejected. In this study, it was found that knowledge on hospice was significantly important. By applying hospice basic education programs to nurses, the education program helped nurses to take a positive attitude toward terminal patients. It was, however, seen that the education program had no effect on alleviating liability in nursing terminal patients. Therefore, it is expected that this educational program would help hospices and nurses at general wards to understand the concept and the role of hospice so that terminal patents, now neglected under current medical system, would be able to end their lives in peace.