• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 1981

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of four commercially available low gold-based crown and bridge alloy produced in Korea. Four dental casting gold-silver-palladium alloys, i.e., A, B, C and D (code of alloys) were selected for the evaluation of chemical composition, ultimate tensile strength, elongation. values and Vickers hardness. The chemical composition of test specimens was analyzed by both emission spectrography and wet gravitation method with a 1.5gm of low gold ingot. The tensile properties and Vickers hardness was determined with cast specimens treated in following three conditions; as-cast, softening heat treatment and hardening heat treatment. The tensile testing bars were cast in accordance with the model designed by Gettleman and Harrison (1969) which was modified from the A. D. A. Specification No. 14 for dental chromium-cobalt casting alloy. Nine tensile test specimens were made from a split silicone mold for each of the test alloys to the size of 2.5mm in diameter and a gauge length of 10mm. All four alloys were handled in accordance with conventional methods used in Type III gold alloys. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation were measured on an Instron Universal Tensile Testing Machine (Model 1125, Japan) operated at a crosshead rate of 0.1cm/min. Elongation values were measured using Digital Measuring Microscope (MS-152, FUSOH, Japan). Vickers hardness was determined with a Vickers Hardness Tester (Model VKH-l, Japan) at a 1.0kg load on a mounted tensile test specimen. The following results were obtained from this study; 1. All tested alloys were composed of Au, Ag, Pd, Cu, Zn and Fe in common. The composition rate of gold for all four alloys was found in the range of $42{\sim}47$ weight % as shown below. Alloy A; Au 45%, Ag 40.2%, Pd 5.76%, others 9.04%. Alloy B; Au 47.1%, Ag 29.03%, Pd 6.98%, others 16.92%. Alloy C; Au 45%, .Ag 26.9%, Pd 6.83%, others 21.07%. Alloy D; Au 41.8%, Ag 34.4%, Pd 6.95%, others 16.85%. 3. The ultimate tensile strength of the four alloys was in the range of $31{\sim}82kg/mm^2$. The test results were shown in the below order from the highest value; As-cast condition; D, B, C, A. Softening heat treament; B, C, D, A. Hardening heat treatment; D, B, C, A. 4. The test :results of the elongation rate for each alloy were in the range of $0.5{\sim}18%$. The test results were shown in the below order from the highest value; As-cast condition; A, D, B, C. Softening heat treatment; A, C, D, B. Hardening heat treatment; C, D, B, A. 5. Vickers hardness for each of the four alloys was in the range of $120{\sim}230$. The test results were shown in the below order from the highest value; As-cast condition; C, B, D, A Softening heat treatment; D, B, C, A. Hardening heat treatment; D, A, C, B. 6. There were no differences in the physical properties between as-cast condition and softening heat treatment.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2019

목적: 레진 시멘트와 코발트 크롬 합금 간의 미세인장결합강도에 다양한 프라이머들이 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 것이다. 재료 및 방법: 본 실험에서는 4개의 프라이머(Universal primer, Metal primer II, Alloy primer, and Metal/Zirconia primer)와 2개의 레진 시멘트(Panavia F2.0, G-CEM LinkAce)를 사용하였고, 길이 6 mm, 폭 1 mm, 두께 1 mm의 150개의 코발트 크롬 빔들이 캐스팅 과정을 통해 제작되었다. 150개의 코발트 크롬 빔들을 프라이머와 레진 시멘트의 종류에 따라 프라이머 처리를 하지 않은 대조군을 포함하여 10개 그룹으로 나누었다. 금속과 레진시멘트를 산화알루미늄($125{\mu}m$ 크기)으로 샌드블라스팅 처리한 후 실리콘 틀을 이용하여 접착시켰다. 실험 전에, 입체현미경(stereomicroscope)을 이용하여 모든 금속-레진 빔들을 검사하였고, 미세인장결합강도 실험을 시행하였다. 통계적인 평가에는 one-way ANOVA와 Tukey's test를 사용하였다. 결과: 모든 그룹들의 평균 미세인장결합강도는 20 - 28 MPa이었으며, 그룹 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. Panavia F2.0과 G-CEM LinkAce 그룹 모두에서 접착 파절과 응집 파절이 동시에 나타나는 혼합 파절이 가장 흔하게 일어난 파절 양태였다. 결론: 모든 실험군들의 미세인장결합강도는 상대적으로 높았지만, 본 실험에서는 프라이머의 사용이 Panavia F2.0 및 G-CEM LinkAce 레진시멘트와 코발트 크롬 합금 사이의 미세인장결합강도를 증가시키지 않았다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated porcelain firing process on the corrosion rates of the dental alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cr-Co, Cr-Ni and Pd-Ag alloys were used for this study. Each metal supported porcelain consisted of 30 specimens of 10 for 7, 9 and 11 firing each. Disc-shaped specimens 10 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness were formed by melting alloys with a propane-oxygen flame and casted with a centrifuge casting machine and then with the porcelain veneer fired onto the metal alloys. Corrosion tests were performed in quintuplicate for each alloy (after repeated porcelain firing) in Fusayama artificial saliva solution (pH = 5) in a low thermal-expansion borosilicate glass cell. Tamhane and Sheffe test was used to compare corrosion differences in the results after repeated firings and among 7, 9 and 11 firing for each alloy. The probability level for statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}$=0.05. RESULTS. The corrosion resistance was higher (30 mV), in case of 7 times firing (Commercial). On the other hand, it was lower in case of 11 times firing (5 mV) (P<.05). Conclusion. Repeated firings decreased corrosion resistance of Pd-Ag, Cr-Co and Cr-Ni alloys. The Pd-Ag alloy exhibited little corrosion in in vitro tests. The Cr-Ni alloy exhibited higher corrosion resistance than Cr-Co alloys in in vitro tests.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal and internal gaps of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr copings, fabricated using the dental ${\mu}-SLA$ system. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ten study dies were made using a two-step silicone impression with a dental stone (type IV) from the master die of a tooth. Ni-Cr (NC group) and Co-Cr (CC group) alloy copings were designed using a dental scanner, CAD software, resin coping, and casting process. In addition, 10 Ni-Cr alloy copings were manufactured using the lost-wax technique (LW group). The marginal and internal gaps in the 3 groups were measured using a digital microscope ($160{\times}$) with the silicone replica technique, and the obtained data were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test. Post-hoc comparisons were performed using Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The mean (${\pm}$ standard deviation) values of the marginal, chamfer, axial wall, and occlusal gaps in the 3 groups were as follows: $81.5{\pm}73.8$, $98.1{\pm}76.1$, $87.1{\pm}44.8$, and $146.8{\pm}78.7{\mu}m$ in the LW group; $76.8{\pm}48.0$, $141.7{\pm}57.1$, $80.7{\pm}47.5$, and $194.69{\pm}63.8{\mu}m$ in the NC group; and $124.2{\pm}52.0$, $199.5{\pm}71.0$, $67.1{\pm}37.6$, and $244.5{\pm}58.9{\mu}m$ in the CC group. CONCLUSION. The marginal gap in the LW and NC groups were clinically acceptable. Further improvement is needed for CC group to be used clinical practice.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2012

Currently, The method to produce a brewing body for dentistry supplementation water produces a brewing body by fabrication, burying and it is heat wish in city gas and oxygen. It uses an original judgment found airplane the brewing body uses a spring of the back wait that melting temperature dissolved various alloys in by a blow pipe, and to generate centrifugal force and produces it. In addition, because it uses preheating to dissolve an alloy in general, it is hard to regulate the appropriate melting temperature of the alloy and brewing time and generates a brewing defect hereby same as gas industry and pinhole and shows the defect of the supplementation thing due to the super-heating. In this paper, We developed the high induction heating system which it could set brewing time,temperature and had durability and security,by the kind of the alloy to produce a high quality prosthetic thing brewing body.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.471-478
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of annealing on the nanostructure and hardness of Co-Cr metal ceramic samples that were fabricated with a direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five groups of Co-Cr dental alloy samples were manufactured in a rectangular form measuring $4{\times}2{\times}2$ mm. Samples fabricated by a conventional casting technique (Group I) and prefabricated milling blanks (Group II) were examined as conventional technique groups. The DMLS samples were randomly divided into three groups as not annealed (Group III), annealed in argon atmosphere (Group IV), or annealed in oxygen atmosphere (Group V). The nanostructure was examined with the small-angle X-ray scattering method. The Rockwell hardness test was used to measure the hardness changes in each group, and the means and standard deviations were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA for comparison of continuous variables and Tukey's HSD test was used for post hoc analysis. P values of <.05 were accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS. The general nanostructures of the samples were composed of small spherical entities stacked atop one another in dendritic form. All groups also displayed different hardness values depending on the manufacturing technique. The annealing procedure and environment directly affected both the nanostructure and hardness of the Co-Cr alloy. Group III exhibited a non-homogeneous structure and increased hardness ($48.16{\pm}3.02$ HRC) because the annealing process was incomplete and the inner stress was not relieved. Annealing in argon atmosphere of Group IV not only relieved the inner stresses but also decreased the hardness ($27.40{\pm}3.98$ HRC). The results of fitting function presented that Group IV was the most homogeneous product as the minimum bilayer thickness was measured (7.11 ${\AA}$). CONCLUSION. After the manufacturing with DMLS technique, annealing in argon atmosphere is an essential process for Co-Cr metal ceramic substructures. The dentists should be familiar with the materials that are used in clinic for prosthodontics treatments.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.21-35
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• 1997

Au 함량이 20% 미만인 Au-Ag-Pd합금의 기초합금인 Ag-Pd-Cu 3원계 합금의 시효경화 특성을 규명할 목적으로 20wt% Pd 및 20wt% Cu의 용질농도구성비가 1이 되는 3원 합금과 여기에 2wt% Au의 첨가합금에 미치는 석출상의 영향을 분석, 조사하여 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. Ag-20wt% Pd-20wt% Cu 3원 함금은 ${\alpha}$의 단일상에서 Ag-rich의 ${\alpha}2$상 및 PdCu규칙상에 의하여 경화반응이 진행되며 연속승온과정에서 $100{\sim}300^{\circ}C$의 경도증가와 $300{\sim}500^{\circ}C$의 경도감소의 2단계 경화특성이 얻어졌다. 연속승온시효과정은 Au첨가에 관계없이 2단계의 석출반응이 저온영역에서는 stage I, stage II로 나타나고 stage I은 고온에서의 소입에 의해 도입된 과잉공공의 이동 및 소멸에 의한 반응이고 stage II는 평형농도의 공공확산에 의한 반응에 대응하였다. 또한 본 합금의 시효석출과정은 ${\alpha}\to{\alpha}+{\alpha}2+PdCu\to{\alpha}_1+{\alpha}_2+PdCu$이고 최대 경화는 ${\alpha}_1,\;{\alpha}_2$, PdCu의 3상공존구역에서 나타났다. 이들 석출반응은 입계반응이고 반응의 진행과 함께 경도값은 상승하며 경화능에 직접적으로 기여하였다. 또한 석출상은 미세한 lamella조직의 nodule을 나타내고 이들 ${\alpha}_1,\;{\alpha}_2$ 및 PdCu상과의 미세한 혼합상의 형성이 시효경화능에 기여하는 주된 원인이 되었다. 과시효는 lamella의 조대화와 PdCu상의 ${\alpha}_2$상으로의 용해에 따른 정량적 감소에 대응하였다. 본 합금의 시효열처리 온도는 $450^{\circ}C$가 적절하며 $1{\sim}120min$ 시효시간에 걸쳐서 소정의 경화특성을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if repeated casting has a detrimental effect on the corrosion behavior of nickel-chrome casting alloys. The X-ray diffraction analysis, vickers hardness test, SEM, EDX and corrosion test were performed to determine the effects of recasting on chemical composition, microstructure, physical property, castability and corrosion behavior of nickel-chrome casting alloys. The X-ray diffraction analysis results for the cast and recast specimens of the VeraBond and the Rexillium V showed that major crystal phase contained nickel-chrome compounds, Nickel carbide and Chrome carbide. Microstructure analysis results for the cast and recast specimens of the VeraBond and the Rexillium V showed recasting has no effect on microstructure. EDX analysis results indicated the percentage of the main component nickel(Ni) in the specimens of the VeraBond showed a tendency to increase with recasting, but those of other components Carbon(C) showed a tendency to decrease with recasting, Chrome(Cr), Silicon(Si), Aluminium(Al) and molybdenum(Mo) showed no changes in the percentage. The percentage of the main component nickel(Ni) in the specimens of the Rexillium V showed a tendency to increase with recasting, but those of other components silicon(Si), carbon(C) and molybdenum(Mo) showed a tendency to decrease with recasting, chrome(Cr) and aluminium(Al) showed no changes in the percentage. The vickers hardness results for the cast and recast specimens of the VeraBond and the Rexillium V showed a tendency to decrease with recasting, but the differences for the first to fifth cast were not statistically significant. The castability results for the cast and recast specimens of the VeraBond and the Rexillium V showed a tendency to decrease with recasting, but the differences for the first to fifth cast were not statistically significant. The cast and recast specimens of the VeraBond and the Rexillium V showed no differences in the corrosion resistance. The results indicate that the VeraBond and the Rexillium V can be safely recast.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 치과용 티타늄(CP-Ti)과 Ti-25wt%Pd를 인산염계 실리카$.$알루미나 주형재로 주조 후 SEM/EDS, XRD, XPS를 이용하여 주조시 생성되는 표면반응생성물을 조사하였다. Ti-25wt%Pd는 CP-Ti에 비하여 융점이 현저이 감소하여 주조체의 표면반응이 상대적으로 적게 발생하였다. 또한 인산염계 실리카$.$알루미나 주형재를 소성한 결과 주형재는 $SiO_2$, $Al_2$ $O_3$, P$_2$ $O_{5}$, $Mg_3$(P $O_4$)$_2$, AlP $O_4$, $Mg_2$ $SiO_4$, MgAl$_2$ $O_4$의 성분들로 구성되어 있었으며, 표면반응생성물은 CP-Ti 주조체의 경우 $Ti_{5}$Si$_3$ 와 Ti $O_2$로, Ti-25wt%Pd 주조체의 경우 Ti $O_2$ 와 $SiO_{x}$ 로 구성되어 있었다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.27-41
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• 1999

치과용 Ag기 합금에서 30wt%Pd 및 10wt%Cu의 용질농도의 구성비가 3이 되는 3원 합금과 여기에 2wt% Au의 첨가에 미치는 석출상의 영향을 조사 분석하여 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. Ag-Pd-Cu 3원 합금은 $\alpha$ 단일상에서 Ag-rich ${\alpha}_2 $ 및 PdCu 규칙상에 의해서 경화반응이 진행되며 연속승온시효곡선에 의하면 100-$300^{\circ}C$의 저항증가와 300-$500^{\circ}C$의 저항감소라고 하는 2단계 변화에 의해서 경화곡선이 얻어졌다. 또한 본 합금의 시효과정에서는 ${\alpha}{\to}{\alpha}_2+PdCu{\to}$의 2상 분리반응에 의하여 경화원인이 되었다. 석출과정은 ${\alpha}{\to}{\alpha}_1+PdCu{\to}{\alpha}_2+PdCu$ 이고 Cu-rich인 ${\alpha}_2$상은 거의 나타나지 않으며 최고 경도값은 ${\alpha}_2$ 및 PdCu의 2상공존 구역에서 나타났다. 미량의 Au첨가에 의해서 경화는 다소 증가하지만 경화성보다는 내식성에 보다 크게 기여하였고 Pd/Cu=3인 합금은 Pd/Cu=1 또는 1.7의 합금보다도 전반적으로 경도값은 가장 낮게 나타나며 이것은 치과용 Ag기 합금의 시효경화성에는 Cu농도가 크게 기여하였다. 불연속석출물인 nodule 생성물은 입계에 우선 형성되어 $\alpha$ matrix로 진행되어 nodule 석출물은 부드러운 경계면을 가지고 $\alpha$ matrix주위에 strain matrix를 나타내므로 nodule 형성이 본 합금의 시효경화를 야기하였다. 내식성은 Pd 함량이 가장 높은 본 합금에서 매우 양호하게 나타났으며 Pd 함량이 증가가 내식성의 향상에 크게 기여하여 미량의 Au 첨가에 의해서 보다 현저히 효과를 얻었다. 본 합금의 시효열처리 조건은 $450^{\circ}C$ 적절하며 1-120min 시효시간에 걸쳐서 소정의 경도 값을 얻을 수 있고 시효경화성 및 내식성의 결과로부터 Ag-30wt%Pd-10wt%Cu합금 및 미량 Au 합금은 치과용 금속재료로 적합하였다.