• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 1991

The mechanisms of demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced chronic central nervous system(CNS) disease are still unclear and are probably multifactoral. This study was intended to culture spinal cord cells isolated from TMEV-induced demyelinating mice. By Percoll density centrifugation of enzymatically dissociated tissue, the cells were collected and then cultured on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic coverslips for 2 weeks. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and macrophages were identified using cell-type specific markers. Viral antigens were not present in oligodendrocytes and in astrocytes by double immunofluorescence. Affected mouse oligodendrocytes had less capacities of sheet formation and galactocerebroside immunoreactivity than those of control cell 3. These findings support the hypothesis that immune mediated mechanisms play an important role in the process of demyelination in this animal model.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1212-1217
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• 2017

척수신경절의 신경 세포와 슈반세포의 공동 배양으로 수초화 형성 세포 집단이 제조되었다. 슈반세포와 뉴런 세포가 쥐의 배아의 척수신경절로 부터 각각 in vitro에서 분리되었다. 배양된 슈반세포와 뉴런 세포는 동일한 평판접시에서 공동배양 되었다. 본 실험과정은 다음과 같은 4 단계로 구성되어 있다 : 첫 번째 단계는 배아의 척수 신경절 세포의 현탁 과정, 두 번째 단계는 안티 mitotic cocktail의 추가 과정, 세 번째 단계는 척수신경절 세포의 정제 과정, 및 네 번째 단계는 척추 신경절 세포에 슈반 세포의 추가 과정이다. 이들 세포들은 때 수초화가 진행되었다. 이렇게 수초화된 공동 배양은 Semliki forest virus에 의해 감염되었고 그 때 탈수초화 과정을 유발시켰다. 우리는 수초화된 뉴런에 존재하는 peripheral myelin protein 22의 항체를 이용하여 수초화 과정과 탈수초화 과정을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2014

Objective : Differentiation of demyelination in white matter from axonal damage can be determined using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In this study using meningioma patients an attempt was made to evaluate the relationship between preoperative weakness and the changes of diffusion parameters in the corticospinal tract (CST) using DTI. Methods : Twenty-six patients with meningioma were enrolled in this study. Eleven of them suffered from objective motor weakness and were classified as Group 1. The remaining 15 patients did not present motor weakness and were classified as Group 2. Fiber tractography and CST diffusion parameters were obtained using DTIStudio. The ratios (lesion side mean value/contralateral side mean value) of CST diffusion parameters were compared with 1.0 as a test value using a one-sample t-test. Results : In Group 1, fractional anisotropy (FA), tensor trace (TT), and radial diffusivity (RD, ${\lambda}2$ and ${\lambda}3$) of the CST were significantly different between two hemispheres, but axial diffusivity (AD, ${\lambda}1$) of the CST was not significantly different between two hemispheres. In Group 2, FA and ${\lambda}3$ of CST did not differ significantly between the hemispheres. In Group 2, TT, ${\lambda}1$, and ${\lambda}2$ of CST in the ipsilateral hemisphere were significantly higher than those of the unaffected hemisphere. However, the differences were small. Conclusion : Motor weakness was related to a low FA and high TT resulting from increased RD of the CST fibers. CST diffusion changes in patients with weakness are similar to those for demyelination.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ($^1H-MRS$) is a tool used to detect concentrations of brain metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate, choline, creatine, glutamate, and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). It has been widely used because it does not require additional devices other than the conventional magnetic resonance scanner and coils. Demyelination, or the neuronal damage due to loss of myelin sheath, is one of the common pathologic processes in many diseases including multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophy, encephalomyelitis, and other forms of autoimmune diseases. Rodent models mimicking human demyelinating diseases have been induced by using virus (e.g., Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus) or toxins (e.g., cuprizon or lysophosphatidyl choline). This review is an overview of the MRS findings on brain metabolites in demyelination with a specific focus on rodent models.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.436-446
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• 2018

Background: The potential therapeutic values of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) in autoimmune disorders of nervous system have not been fully investigated. Methods: We used an acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model of multiple sclerosis and determined the effects and mechanism of KRGE on spinal myelination. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE (100 mg/kg, orally) for 10 days before immunization with myelin basic protein $(MBP)_{68-82}$ peptide exerted a protective effect against demyelination in the spinal cord, with inhibited recruitment and activation of immune cells including microglia, decreased mRNA expression of detrimental inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6, interferon-${\gamma}$, and cyclooxygenase-2), but increased mRNA expression of protective inflammatory mediators (insulin-like growth factor ${\beta}1$, transforming growth factor ${\beta}$, and vascular endothelial growth factor-1). These results were associated with significant downregulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways in microglia/macrophages, T cells, and astrocytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE alleviates spinal demyelination in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibiting the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. Therefore, KRGE might be used as a new therapeutic for autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, although further investigation is needed.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.530-534
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• 1996

Astrocyte are the major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), and analogous to macrophage, mediates the number of immune responses such as production of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) upon activation. $TNF-{\alpha}$ has been implicated in neuroimmunological disorders through killing oligodendrocytes and thus causing demyelination. It has been previously demonstrated that mitogen-activated T cells synthesized a 26 kDa precursor form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ which is bound to the surface of a membrane, and is later secreted as a 17 kDa mature version. In order to examine whether astrocytes would produce the transmembrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$, astrocytes were stimulated with biological stimuli and the membrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ was analyzed by Western blot and FACS analysis. When astrocytes are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), $IFN-{\gamma}/LPS$, or $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-1{\beta}$, they were able to express a membrane-anchored $TNF-{\alpha}$ of approximately 26 kDa protein which was immunoreactive to an $anti-TNF-{\alpha}$ antibody, whereas unstimulated astrocytes or astrocytes treated with $IFN-{\gamma}$ or $IL-1{\beta}$ alone was not. Our FACS data were also consistent with the immunoblot analysis. Our result suggests that the membrane form of $TNF-{\alpha}$ expressed by activated astrocytes may cause local damage to oligodendrocytes by direct cell-cell contact and contribute to demyelination observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.584-587
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• 2018

마우스 간염 바이러스, 코로나, 홍역 및 sindbis 바이러스와 같은 많은 바이러스가 쥐의 신경계에서 수초 형성의 파괴를 의미하는 탈수 초 유도의 원인 바이러스로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 슈반 세포와 신경 세포의 공동 배양에 의한 수초화와 쥐의 sindbis 바이러스 감염에 의한 탈수초화에 의한 수초화 과정을 연구하는 데 있다. 쥐의 배아의 (Dorsal root ganglion, DRG)에서 슈반 (Schwann) 세포와 신경 세포 (neuronal cell)를 in vitro에서 배양 하였다. 유사 분열 억제인자로 처리한 신경세포와 정제 된 Schwann 세포를 갖는 공동 배양을 하였다. 그 후,이 수초화 된 공동 배양 시스템에 sindbis 바이러스 감염이 수행되었다. 수초 형성의 존재를 의미하는 peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP 22) 항체를 사용하여 수초 형성 및 탈수초화 과정을 관찰 하였다. 우리는 수초화 된 뉴런의 존재를 의미하는 말초 myelin 단백질 22 (PMP 22)의 항체를 사용하여 수초화 및 탈수초 과정을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 과학 기술부, ICT 및 미래 계획 (NRF-2015R1C1A1A01053484 및 2017R1A2B3005753)이 자금을 지원하는 국립 연구 재단 (NRF)을 통한 기초 연구 프로그램의 지원을 받았다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2009

Marchiafava-Bignami disease(MBD) is a rare complication of chronic alcoholism characterized by symmetrical demyelination of the corpus callosum. We report a case of MBD in a Korean patient having chronic alcohol dependence. The patient exhibited mental depression, weakness of all four limbs and dysarthria. Laboratory data showed mild hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) revealed unusual symmetrical resolving lesions of the putamen in addition to the typically observed lesion of the corpus callosum. The neurologic disturbances were gradually improved with the normalization of low plasma sodium levels. Marked improvement of abnormal MRI findings was noted after thiamine supplement, though the patient still exhibited severe cognitive impairment.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 2019

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) may initially present with atypical neurological manifestations, including paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Herein, we report the case showing an initial manifestation of systemic NHL with paraneoplastic demyelination in the brain that initially mimicked the symptoms of stroke, seizure, and brain tumor. A high index of suspicion and timely diagnostic workup is required to prevent diagnostic delay and commence proper management of the condition. In this situation, a whole-body FDG PET/CT could be useful to screen for occult malignancy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

Hyponatremia, the most common electrolyte disorder, has been rarely reported as causing rhabdomyolysis. Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), a demyelinating disease of the central pons and/or other areas of the brain, is infrequently reported as associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia. This paper reports a case of ODS after correction of severe hyponatremia complicated by rhabdomyolysis. A 47-year-old female with a history of chronic alcoholism presented herself at the hospital with altered consciousness after three days of nausea and vomiting. She was on a thiazide diuretic for essential hypertension. Her blood tests upon her hospital admission showed hyponatremia ($Na^+$ 98 mEq/L), hypokalemia ($K^+$ 3.0 mEq/L), and elevation of her serum creatine phosphokinase (3,370 IU/L) with an increase in her serum myoglobin level 11,267 ng/mL). She was treated with intravenous fluid therapy that included isotonic and hypertonic salines along with potassium chloride. She became more alert, and her neurological condition gradually improved after the first five days of her therapy. On the ninth day after her admission, she developed progressive quadiaresis associated with dysarthria, dysphagia, and dystonia despite the resolution of her hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging of her brain on 16th day revealed symmetrical areas of signal hyperintensity in her central pons, basal ganglia, and precentral gyrus in T2-weighted images, which are consistent with ODS. Her neurological symptoms steadily improved after six weeks with only supportive treatment and rehabilitation.