• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.524-533
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• 2020

자유무역지역제도는 1970년부터 제조업 중심으로 산업단지형 자유무역지역에서 시행되어 왔으며, 입주기업에게 조세 감면 및 규제 완화 등의 혜택을 제공함으로써 외국인 투자를 유치하고 무역물동량 증가를 창출하는데 큰 역할을 해 왔다. 그러나 산업단지형 자유무역지역의 외국인투자 유치실적이 현저히 떨어지고 있는 실정이다. 한편으로, 항만형 자유무역지역에서는 항만 물동량의 증가로 발전 가능성을 크게 내포하고 있어, 현재까지 제조업 중심으로 시행되어 온 자유무역지역제도의 발전 방향을 점검해 볼 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 자유무역지역의 역할과 운영 실태를 파악하고 이에 대한 문제점을 도출하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 항만형 자유무역지역에 특화된 비즈니스 모델을 분석하여 문제점을 파악하고, 물품보관을 목적으로 한 내국 물품의 관세영역으로 재반출에 대한 제도 개선방안을 제시하며, 간이 시뮬레이션을 통하여 개선방안에 대한 효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 제도 개선으로 자유무역지역을 국제물류허브 및 글로벌배송센터로 이용하고자 하는 외국기업을 유치하는데 매우 중요한 요소로 작용할 것이다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제45권
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• 한국유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유통학회 2007년도 하계통합학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.3-26
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• 2007

최근 영역초월행동에 관한 관심이 늘어나고 있다. 여기서 영역초월행동은 종업원들이 사전에 정해진 역할을 넘어서 추가적으로 수행하는 행동을 의미하는데, 영역초월행동은 고객의 만족과 서비스 품질지각, 그리고 호의적인 구전활동을 강화하는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 영역초월행동이 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대할 수 있는 기업 간 거래관계, 특히 유통경로 구성원간 관계에서 영역초월행동에 관한 연구는 국내는 물론 해외에서도 매우 부족한 실정이라 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존에 서비스 분야에서 주로 다루어졌던 영역초월행동을 유통경로 조직간 관계에서 다루었다. 특히, 본 연구는 다양한 유통경로의 조직패턴, 즉, 기업형, 계약형, 그리고 전통형 유통경로별로 영역초월행동이 어떻게 다르게 나타나는 지도 탐험적으로 살펴보았다. 자동차 대리점 200점, 외식 프랜차이즈 가맹점 120점, 산업자재 소매점 104점, 총 420개의 소매점을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 결과 판매자의 의사소통의 질, 공정성, 마케팅 프로그램의 일관성이 구매자의 관계만족과 조직결속을 통해 영역초월행동을 강화하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 영역초월행동은 수직적 통합수준이 높은 계약형과 기업형 경로구조에서 더 활발하게 나타났다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.191-210
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• 2023

Covid-19 팬데믹은 글로벌 물류와 공급망에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 이로 인해 세계 각국의 물류성능에 큰 차이가 발생하였다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 물류성과지수와 공급망 추적 데이터에 대한 고찰을 통해 펜데믹 기간 동안 발생된 글로벌 공급 사슬의 변화와 물류 환경 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 물류성과지수를 분석한 결과 세관 및 통관 관리 효율성, 무역 및 운송 인프라의 품질, 물류 서비스의 능력과 품질, 화물 추적 능력 등의 지표에서 세계 국가들, 특히 선진국들은 전반적으로 성능 개선을 보였다. 반면, 국제 운송의 경쟁력 있는 가격 용이성과 화물의 정시 배송 빈도는 팬데믹의 영향으로 점수 하락을 보였다. 공급망 추적 데이터 분석에서 아시아 국가의 항구에서의 처리 효율성은 높게 나타났다. 그러나 미국과 유럽 국가들은 상대적으로 더 많은 시간이 소요되었다. 항공화물, 소포, 특송 운송에서 특히 미국의 경우 상대적으로 처리시간이 많이 걸리는 것으로 나타나 물류 지연이 발생하고 있었다. 결론적으로, Covid-19 팬데믹 동안 아시아 국가들은 물류 및 무역 환경에서 상대적으로 높은 효율성을 유지하였다. 반면, 미국과 일부 유럽 국가들은 여러 지표에서 지연과 효율성 저하를 보였다. 향후 지연현상과 정체현상 즉 물류 프로세스의 속도 감소를 해결하기 위한 노력들이 필요한 시점이라 판단된다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제51권
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• pp.3-54
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• 2011

The important and main purpose of revision of Incoterms rules are to adapt it to contemporary commercial practice in world trade, and to contribute to great service to foreign trade. Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 revision basically focuses on trade terms to be used for any mode or modes of transport at compared Incoterms 2000 gouping in four basically different categories, and presents trade terms to be used for traditionally seaborn trade. Therefore the former is for trading in manufactured goods involved in containerization, the latter is for trading in community. This study focuses on a motive of revisions and main features of the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules, an outline, the problems and alternative of them. In conclusion, I would like present as follows; (1) Although they only concerned the models of delivery and critical point, they only say a few of the many factors of a sale contract, that is to say for the devision of fuctions, costs and risks between the contracting parties as supplement law, but the guestion of the legal position of Incoterms rules is various in different countries and scholars. in spite of that, it must focus on the practical application and the wide acceptance of Incoterms rules in world trade. (2) Although they present more simple and clear, unfricative, than Incoterms 2000 rules, in order to help users, the need to unify consistently and fully explanate in contents and expression. (3) Introduction and guidance note of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules basically focuses on the understanding of a motive of revisions as compared Incoterms 2000 rules. But it is well advised to do this on the assumption of understanding the various basic meaning of terms. (4) finally, trade concerned regulations take account of the reflection for the application to domestic and international trade according to formally reconization of availability for both trade.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the current management status of green tea processors in two regions (Hadong-gun and Boseong-gun) in Korea and to suggest directions for the development of the green tea industry based on an understanding their difficulties in management. This study showed that the number of green tea farms and the cultivation area had decreased, while the average unit sales price of green tea in Boseong-gun was approximately three times higher than that in Hadong-gun. Also, this study found that Hadong-gun mainly provided green tea products to wholesalers, whereas Boseong-gun sold it directly to the local retail stores targeting tourists, and this results in generating relatively higher unit prices. Meanwhile, we discovered that both regions had difficulties in management which were caused by the demand for low delivery unit costs from large corporations and small food companies. Therefore, in order to develop the green tea industry in both regions, the size of green tea fields and the scenery satisfaction should be improved to draw more tourists and boost tourists' intention to revisit. In addition, it is necessary to enhance guidance and accessibility of related tourist sites, to expand green tea experience activities, and to improve product satisfaction by developing various goods. By inducing more tourists in these ways, it could change the sales type of green tea from wholesale to retail and help activate the management of green tea processors.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2020

Up to date cosmetic OEM/ODM (original equipment manufacturing/original development manufacturing) industry receives attention as a future growth engine due to steady growth. However, because of limited research and development capability, many companies have employed commercial management platforms specialized for large-sized companies; thus, overall system effectiveness and efficiency is low. Especially, MRP (material requirement planning) system introduced originally in 1970s is employed to calculate the requirement of the parts. However, dynamic nature of production lead time usually results in incorrect requirements. In addition, its algorithm does not consider the capability of the production resources. Also, because the commercial MRP system calculates all subcomponent for fixed period, the more goods have subcomponent, the slower calculation is. Therefore, conventional MRP system cannot respond complicated situation in time. In this study, we will suggest a new method that can respond to complicated situations resulting from short lead time and urgent production order in Korean cosmetic market. In particular, a distributed MRP system is proposed, that consists of multi-functional and operational modules, based on the characteristic of the BOM (bill of material). The distributed MRP system divides components (i.e. products and parts) into several fields and decrease the problem size; thus, we can respond to dynamically changed data any time. Through this solution, we can order components quickly, adjust schedules and planned quantity, and manage stocks reasonably. In addition, a prototype of the distributed MRP system is presented in this paper, in which ERP (enterprise resource planning) sever data is associated with an excel spreadsheet via MSsql. System user interface is implemented by a VBA (visual basic for applications) tool. According to a case study, response rate for delivery and planning achievement rate were enhanced about 20%, and inventory turnover was also decreased. Consequently, the proposed system improves overall profit.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.329-339
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aims to explore consumer awareness and usage patterns of local food in Jecheon city during the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to the establishment of the Jecheon City Food Plan. Methods: Surveys were conducted from July 24 to August 24, 2021, using a combination of web-link and self-administered methods for adults living in Jecheon city (n = 250). Descriptive analysis, t-test, importance and satisfaction analysis (ISA) of local food choice attributes were performed using SPSS Statistics. Results: Participants prioritized freshness when purchasing agricultural products. The freshness of Jecheon local food was the selection attribute with the highest consumer satisfaction and could provide purchase motivation. Approximately 73.6% of respondents understood the concept of local food, and 70% were familiar with Jecheon's local food. Notably, 94.8% expressed an intention to purchase but held negative views on selling local food in other areas. The need to increase the supply of local food to vulnerable populations and public school catering was highly recognized. The ISA identified 'affordable price', 'delivery service', and 'product information' as areas requiring improvement. On the other hand, 'freshness of products', 'quality for the price', and 'support for local farmers and economy' were identified as attributes to be maintained and strengthened. Conclusions: Consumers in Jecheon city recognized local foods as more than just 'consumer goods'. Our findings suggest the need for further research on local food revitalization and more comprehensive local food planning to enhance consumer satisfaction.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.346-359
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine students' reasons and standards for purchasing their casual upper garments through online shoppin. A questionnaire composed of 26 items in five-point Likert type (14 items for measuring reasons, and 12 items for measuring standards for their purchase) was administered. The subjects were 422 male and female students attending middle schools, high schools and colleges located in the metropolitan region of Daegu. For a statistical analysis, a $3{\times}2$ two way ANOVA design (3 levels of schools: middle school, high school and college and 2 sexes: male and female) was involved, and Turkey's HFD multiple comparisons were made. The results showed that the reasons for students' purchasing casual upper garments through online shopping malls were as follows: quality, availability of discount coupons and points, other benefits such as special promotions, gifts, the easy return of goods and refunds, and also no trial of wearing shirts even at off-line stores. Significant differences in purchasing reasons through online shopping were found among middle schoo, high school and college students. There were also significant differences between male and female students mostly found in three variations of purchasing reasons: ease of availability of garments in contemporary fashion, convenient shopping without any restriction on time, and the decision to purchase with help from consumers' recommendations. Significant differences among middle school, high school and college students were found in the following standards for the students' decision to purchase their casual upper garments through online shopping: affordability, color, design, style, payment safety, and ease of maintenance (cleaning and ironing). Differences between male and female students were found to be significant in the following categories: affordability, fashionable, brand name, free delivery, product quality, coordination with other clothes, and consumers' recommendations on the products concerned.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.252-261
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• 1990

This study intends to provide a beneficial foundation which can aid our understanding of how a clothing consumer group can be classified according to the clothing buying motives, and what differences are there about the importances of stroe image attribute among them and how consumer's preferences to the store image are shown differently among them and ultimately, some concrete data which can be useful in establishing efficient store image strategies for clothing stores. 413 subjects were gathered through convenience sampling method and, for data analysis, cronbach'$\alpha$, frequency, percentage, mean, $x^{2}-text$, 1-test, ANOVA, Duncan Multiple Range Test, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis were conducted. The results are as follows; 1. Three kind of factors in the clothing buying motives were determined for analysis of consumers group and by which it was revealed as to be significant for us to classify them four subdivisions; those of fashion pursuit group, self display group, financial utilitarian group, individual group. 2. Importance on store image attribute was revealed then the middle aged women regarded quality, price, service in order as more important factors than others. 3. Store image preferences show significantly when concerned with quality, price, fashion, impression and age of store personnel, convenience for exchanging and returning goods, credit, delivery and repair, mailing of catalogue and discount coupon, exit from, brightness of store among consumer groups. From these findings, concretely store image strategies are proposed.