• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.314-323
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• 2013

This study analyzed the relationship between the level of hospital caseloads and length of stay for the delivery patients. The differences of hospital caseloads were measured by the Internal Herfindahl Index, which measured the concentration of delivery patient in a hospital. And the structure variables of hospitals such as the number of bed, the number of treatment, and the number of doctors and nurses per 100 beds were included as control variables. And average length of stay of delivery patients was used as the dependent variable. Concentration status of delivery patients was measured in two models: (1) first model represents the concentration level of delivery patient in all hospital patients, (2) second model represents the concentration level of delivery patient in all obstetrics and gynecology patients. In regression analysis, patient concentration index was not statistically significant in explaining the variation of average length of stay in two models. But the number of delivery patients and number of beds were statistically significant. The number of delivery patient variable showed negative regression coefficient with average length of stay and the number of beds showed positive coefficient with average length of stay. This study result indicated that the volume of delivery patients in a hospital will play a significant role in reducing the length of stay of delivery patients. Patient volume could contribute in improving the efficiency of patient care in a hospital.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2020

The volume of parcel delivery is steadily increasing with the rapid growth of the global online e-commerce market. However, a large amount of packaging materials used for these parcel delivery is finally causing environmental problems as waste. In this study, we have taken a pilot test on the returnable parcel delivery packaging & service, which is one of various ways to reduce the generation of the distribution packaging waste raised by e-commerce-based parcel delivery. For the purpose of this project, we made 300 boxes of returnable & foldable delivery packaging(415 mm × 280 mm × 160 mm) and have cooperated with e-commerce company(CJ ENM) & logistics company(LogisAll). Consequently, about 50% of the delivered packages was returned because of the lack of consumer's understanding on the returnable packaging system. We finally have suggested the policy strategy to get over problems derived from the experiment, like the retrieval rate and cost of the returnable packaging, economic efficiency and so on.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2019

The volume of parcel delivery is steadily increasing with the rapid growth of the global online e-commerce market. However, a large amount of packaging materials used for these parcel delivery is finally causing environmental problems as waste. The rapid increase of these packaging waste has been making many countries to research ways to reduce the generation of distribution packaging waste. In this study, we have measured the empty space ratio for 131 packagings of parcel delivery purchased through the several domestic online stores in order to investigate the present situation in connection with the degree of excessive or overpack in korean parcel delivery packagings, so that 64 packagings were exceeded 50% in the empty space ratio. And we have suggested ways to reduce the generation of distribution packaging waste raised by e-commerce-based parcel delivery through analyzing the previous research and case studies ; one is to optimize and minimize the packaging design by safe transit test(field-to-lab test), another is to develop a reusable & returnable transport packaging and system applicable in the domestic supply chain, the other is to regulate directly with a policy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to investigate the yields of volume, thiamin and riboflavin from the milk of twenty-five Cesarean-section women, and their ingestion in infants. We measured the consumed volume of human milk of infants by the test-weighing method, and thiamin riboflavin contents were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy during the first 7 days postpartum. Thiamin contents of the milk averaged 24.3, 24.0, 27.4 and 30.2ug/100g. Thiamin and riboflavin contents of the milk both increased during the lactation ps mod(p<0.05). The first secretion of breast milk occurred from the 4th to 5th day postpartum in Cesarean-section women. The consumed volume of human milk was 63, 81, 104 and 133g/day at 4, 5, 6 and 7 days postpartum and the consumed volume of formula milk was 58, 176, 292, 323, 308, 321 and 318g/day at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days postpartum and the consumed volume of formula from the human and formula milk were 26.6, 91.0, 151.0, 172.5, 169.2, 175.9 and 172.9ug/day. Total daily riboflavin ingestion from the human and formula milk were 26.6, 91.0, 151.0, 172.5, 169.2, 175.9 and 172.9ug/day. Total daily riboflavin ingestion from the human and formula milk was 48.7, 166.8, 277.6, 318.2, 312.0, 327.0 and 335.7ug/day at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 postpartum. These results suggest that the milk secretion of Cesarean-section women is delayed a few days and the yield volume of milk is less than that of normal delivery women, but thiamin and riboflavin contents of the milk are not different from those of milk of normal-delivery women.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.112-120
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• 2021

Recently, the number of consumers using digital online distribution platforms is increasing. This caused the rapid growth of the e-commerce market and increased delivery volume in urban areas. The logistics system, designed ar006Fund the city center to handle the delivery volume, operates a delivery system from the outskirts of the city to the urban area using cargo trucks. This maintains an ecosystem of high-cost and inefficient structures that increase social costs such as road traffic congestion and environmental problems. To solve this problem, research is being conducted worldwide to establish a high-efficiency urban joint logistics system using urban railway facilities and underground space infrastructure existing in existing cities. The joint logistics system begins with linking unmanned delivery automation services that link terminal delivery such as cargo classification and stacking, infrastructure construction that performs cargo transfer function by separating from passengers such as using cargo platform. To this end, it is necessary to apply the device to the vertical and horizontal transportation machine supporting the vertical transfer in the flat space of the joint logistics terminal, which is the base technology for transporting cargo using the transfer robot to the destination designated as a freight-only urban railway vehicle. Therefore, this paper aims to derive holistic viewpoints needs for design requirements for vertical and vertical transportation machines and freight transportation standard containers, which are underground railway logistics transport devices to be constructed by urban logistics ecosystem changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.59-73
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• 2023

Due to the steady growth of the online shopping market and contact-free consumption, the volume of parcels in South Korea continues to increase. However, there is a lack of manpower for delivery workers to handle the growing parcel volume, leading to frequent accidents related to delivery work. As a result, the government and local authorities strive to enhance last-mile logistics efficiency. As one of these measures, unmanned parcel storage lockers are installed and utilized to handle last-mile deliveries. However, the existing parcel storage involves the inconvenience of couriers having to put each parcel in each locker, and this is somewhat insufficient to relieve the workload of delivery workers. In this study, we propose parcel storage devices that use active loading technology to minimize the workload of delivery workers, extract operation risk factors to apply this system to actual sites, and establish risk reduction methods based on the ALARP concept. Through this study, we have laid the groundwork for improving the safety of the system by identifying and proposing mitigation measures for the risk factors associated with the proposed parcel storage devices utilizing active loading technology. When applied in practical settings in the future, this foundation will contribute to the development of a more efficient and secure system. By applying the ALARP concept, a systems engineering technique used in this research, to the development and maintenance of storage devices leveraging active loading technology, it is thought to make the development process more systematic and structured. Furthermore, through the risk management of the proposed system, it is anticipated that a systematic approach to quality management can be employed to minimize defects and provide a stable system. This is expected to be more useful than the existing unmanned parcel storage devices.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.819-828
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• 2014

To solve the increasing popularity of video streaming services over the Internet, recent research activities have addressed the locality of content delivery from a network edge by introducing a storage module into a router. To employ in-network caching and persistent request routing, this paper introduces a hybrid content delivery network (CDN) system combining novel content routers in an underlay together with a traditional CDN server in an overlay. This system first selects the most suitable delivery scheme (that is, multicast or broadcast) for the content in question and then allocates an appropriate number of channels based on a consideration of the content's popularity. The proposed scheme aims to minimize traffic volume and achieve optimal delivery cost, since the most popular content is delivered through broadcast channels and the least popular through multicast channels. The performance of the adaptive scheme is clearly evaluated and compared against both the multicast and broadcast schemes in terms of the optimal in-network caching size and number of unicast channels in a content router to observe the significant impact of our proposed scheme.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.801-805
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• 2009

This paper reports on a flexible flap valve actuated by electromagnetic force under a constant pressure source. The flexible flap valve consists of the three main components: a flexible flap with a steel disk embedded in PDMS, an electromagnetic actuator and two glass plates with inlet and outlet. The flap valve is fabricated by SU-8 mold process, the EDM process and oxygen plasma treatment. The dimension of an assembled flap valve is $12[mm]{\times}20[mm]{\times}28[mm]$. The stroke volume of the flap valve is measured for various pressures. And the time of the applied input voltage is varied to change the open time of the valve. When the input voltage of 30[V] is applied for 0.25[s], the minimum stroke volume of the flap valve is $40[{\mu}L]$ at 70 [kPa].

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.411-420
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• 2003

This paper deals with how Korea Post establishes a nation wide network of the parcel warehouse & distribution centers(PWDC). The state-of-the-art of the parcel service business in Japan and U.S. are introduced for benchmarking purpose. Potential customers of the PWDC and their major goods are identified. Current major customers of the Korea Post were interviewed to figure out the potential demand of the PWDC service. Five-year volume estimation of the Korea Parcel Service(KPS) is presented based on the past 30-month B-C volume of the four major door-to-door delivery service companies in Korea. Yearly construction plan of the PWDCs is proposed; and the networking strategy of PWDC is discussed.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2016

Recently, ordinary mail is decreasing continuously by the development of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) including E-mail, messenger service, and etc. On the contrary, parcel post is increasing by the increase of online shopping, home shopping, and etc. Aside from these changes, the demand for various mail acceptance and delivery means is increasing with the increase of single households and dual-income couples. To overcome these environmental changes, Korea Post installs unmanned post offices which are composed of various unmanned mail acceptance and delivery postal systems. In this paper, we propose the methodological approach for the site selection of unmanned post office among the existing post offices and the installation standard of unmanned postal system considering the operation cost by the mail volume.