• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.24
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• pp.3-23
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• 2004

It is our common understanding that the carrier is bound to deliver the goods to the consignee named in a non-negotiable straight bill of lading without its presentation. But recently Court of Appeal, Singapore, held that "where a straight bill of lading is issued it is necessary for the bill of lading to be presented by the consignee to the carrier by sea in order to obtain delivery of the goods. A straight bill of lading, just like a bill of lading to order, confers title including the right to receive the goods mentioned on the bill of lading. Only the possibility of negotiation is excluded. The carrier by sea is liable where he delivers the goods to the consignee named in the straight bill of lading without delivering the bill of lading itself."

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

The endothelial cell of brain capillary called the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has carrier-mediated transport systems for nutrients and drugs. The mechanism of the BBB transport of basic and acidic drugs has been reviewed and examined for endogenous transport systems in BBB in WKY and SHRSP. Acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and basic drugs such as eperisone are taken up in a carrier mediated manner through the BBB via the monocarboxylic acid and amine transport systems. The specific dysfunction for the choline transport at the BBB in SHRSP would affect the function of the brain endothelial cell and brain parenchymal cell. The utilization of the endogenous transport systems of monocarboxylic acid and amine could be promising strategy for the effective drug delivery to the brain.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1894-1896
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• 2006

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 2011

World consumers are now focusing on their health, well-being and appearance more than ever before. This trend is creating heightened demand for products formulated as cosmeceuticals with active ingredients. A significant number of innovative formulations are now being used in cosmetics with real consumer-perceivable benefits and optimized sensory attributes, resulting in an economic uplift of cosmetic industry. To obtain skin care formulations with real consumer-perceivable benefits through dermal delivery of active ingredients, formulators are resorting to technology that until recently was used in pharmaceutical products. These various delivery systems are now being used in cosmecuetical formulations. Novel delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next-generation smarter carrier systems.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 2018

This presentation will give an overview of Ca-aluminate based biomaterials and their proposed use within the field of nanostructured biomaterials. The paper describes typical features of Ca-aluminate materials with regard to technology, chemistry, biocompatibility including hemocompatibility and bioactivity, and developed microstructure. Special focus will be on the developed microstructure, which is in the nanosize range. Application possibilities within odontology, orthopedics, and drug delivery are presented. The nanostructure including pore size below 5 nm in these structures opens up this material for some use in specific dental-related applications in which antibacterial and bacteriostatic aspects are of importance, and as thin coating on implants within dental and orthopaedic applications. Nanosize porosity is essential in drug delivery systems for controlled release of medicaments. The priority field for Ca-aluminate biomaterials is implant materials, which use minimally-invasive techniques to offer in vivo, on-site developed biomaterials.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.153-176
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• 2000

The U.K. Bills of Lading Act 1855 had sought to circumvent the problems arising from the doctrine of privity of contracts. Among the principal factors in the introduction of the Act was the exceptional decision of the court in the case of Grant Norway. The Act 1855 was intended to reverse Grant Norway, but has no effect whatever. As it was not properly drafted, there had been a lot of situations where the Act 1855 was not applicable. In those cases, the courts have implied a contract between cosignee and carrier. This is the effect of the common law Brandt v. Liverpool doctrine. With the enactment of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, all of the problems shall be resolved. It repeals the Act 1855 and replaces it with provisions covering not only B/L but also sea waybills and ship's delivery orders. According to the new law, title to sue is now vested in the lawful holder of a bill of lading, the consignee identified in a sea waybill or the person entitled to delivery under a ship's delivery order, irrespective of whether or not they are owners of the goods covered by the document.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.667-675
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• 2016

Nanoemulsions are actively used in several applications for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries. In this study, we propose the use of microfluidizer known as high pressure homogenizer to prepare lipid nanoemulsion as a potent cosmetic delivery carrier. The lipid nanoemulsions were prepared by O/W emulsion with hydrogenated lecithin and different type of oils. Effects of oil type on the stability of the lipid nanoemulsion were investigated with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta-potential. Arbutin was used as model drug for transdermal administration through hairless mouse skin. Transdermal arbutin delivery using the lipid nanoemulsions was studied with HPLC method.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 1998

We have studied the factors influencing the growth rate of TiN deposited from TDEAT using a bubbler. The growth rate of TiN was primarily dependent on the bubbler temperature, deposition temperature, gas delivery line conductance and carrier gases. In addition, the heating of the gas line through which carrier gas was delivered to the bubbler increased the growth rate slightly. Also heating of the delivery gas line between the bubbler and the chamber caused the increase of the growth rate of TiN, Showing the Arrehenius behaviour with the activation energy of 0.2 eV.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.154-158
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• 2013

Development of dual functional liposome has been studied for cancer theragnostics. Therefore, we focused on ultrasound-sensitive liposomes with doxorubicin (DOX) and gadolinium (Gd) as a theragnostic carrier having a potential for cancer therapy and diagnosis. In this study, Gd(III)-DOTA-modified sonosensitive liposomes (GL) was developed using chemically synthesized Gd(III)-DOTA-DPPE lipid. Sonosensitivity of GL to 1 MHz ultrasound induced 25% of DOX release. The relaxivities ($r_1$) of GL were $7.33-10.34\;mM^{-1}s^{-1}$, which was higher than that of MR-bester$^{(R)}$. Intracellular delivery of DOX from GL by ultrasound irradiation was evaluated according to ultrasound intensity, resulting in increase of uptake of DOX released from ultrasound-triggered GLs compared to GL3 or Doxil$^{(R)}$ without ultrasound. Taken together, this study shows that the paramagnetic and sonosensitive liposomes, GL, is a novel and highly effective delivery system for drug with the potential for broad applications in human disease.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2005

pH-sensitive hydrogels were studied as a drug carrier for the protection of insulin from the acidic environment of the stomach before releasing it in the small intestine. In this study, hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) networks grafted with methacrylic acid (MAA) or acrylic acid (AAc) were prepared via a two-step process. PEO hydrogels were prepared by ${\gamma}-ray $ irradiation (radiation dose: 50 kGy, dose rate: 7.66 kGy/h), grafted by either MAA or AAc monomers onto the PEO hydrogels and finally underwent irradiation (radiation dose: 520 kGy, dose rate: 2.15 kGy/h). These grafted hydrogels showed a pH-sensitive swelling behavior. The grafted hydrogels were used as a carrier for the drug delivery systems for the controlled release of insulin. Drug-loaded hydrogels were placed in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) for 2 hr and then in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8). The in vitro drug release behaviors of these hydrogels were examined by quantification analysis with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.