Gravity, magnetic and VLF surveys were carried out to investigate the dimension, nature and stability of the waste materials filled in the Seokdae landfill, Pusan. The Seokdae landfill, which is located in a former valley, was used as a dump for mainly domestic-type waste materials for 6 years from 1987. The landfill site is classfied into A, B, C and D areas according to the sequence of dumping period. The Bouguer gravity anomaly map shows maximum variation of 3.1 mgals on the landfill and its general appearance has close relation with the thickness of waste filled. The local variation of anomaly, however, reflect the degree of compactness of waste materials which may be affected by the nature of waste and dumping time. In the case of area A, where dumping process was terminated at the very last stage, most part show negative anomaly compared to other areas. We think that the composition of the waste materials in the area A is high in leftover food and paper trash and they are still in uncompacted condition. In area B, the general trend of variation of gravity anomaly is appeared to be high anomaly in northern part and decrease to the southern part. This is well matched with the prelandfill topography of the landfill site. The southern part of area B is located in the center of valley and its present surface is comparatively rugged, which may be due to the differential settlement of deep burried waste. The thickness of waste in area C is relatively thin, but the gravity anomaly appears to be low. Considering the present condition of surface, it can be inferred that low density wastes such as leftover food were mainly filled in this area. Area D, as in the case of area B, shows gravity anomaly that has close relation with the prelandfill topography. Magnetic data show the variation of total field intensity varies in the range of 46600~51000 nT, and reach maximum anomaly of 4400 nT. The overall pattern of magnetic anomaly well reflects the distribution of magnetic materials in the landfill. The result of VLF survey reveals several low resistivity zones, which may serve as underground passages for contaminant flow, in the area C located near the small Village.
Species distribution modeling is one of the most effective habitat analysis methods for wildlife conservation. This study was for evaluating the suitability of species distribution to distance between forest patches in Seoul city using tits. We analyzed the distribution of the four species of tits: varied tit (Parus varius), marsh tit (P. palustris), great tit (P. major) and coal tit (P. ater), using the landscape indexes and connectivity indexes, and compared the resulting suitability indexes from 100m to 1,000m. As factors affecting to the distribution of tits, we calculated landscape indices by separating them into intra-patch indices (i.e. logged patch area (PA), area-weighted mean patch shape index (PSI), tree rate (TR)) and inter-patch indices (i.e. patch degree (PD), patch betweenness (PB), difference probability of connectivity (DPC)), to analyze the internal properties of the patches and their connectivity by tits occurrence data using logistic regression modeling. The models were evaluated by AICc (Akaike Information Criteria with a correction for finite sample sizes) and AUC (Area Under Curve of ROC). The results of AICc and AUC showed DPC, PA, PSI, and TR were important factors of the habitat models for great tit and marsh tit at the level of distance 500~800m. In contrast, habitat models for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species, reflected PA, PSI, and TR as intra-patch indices rather than connectivity. These mean that coal tit and varied tit are more likely to find a large circular forest patch than a small and long-shaped forest patch, which are higher rate of forest. Therefore, different strategies are required in order to enhance the habitats of the forest birds, tits, in a region that has fragmented forest patches such as Seoul city. It is important to manage forest interior areas for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species and to manage not only forest interior areas but also connectivity of the forest patches in the threshold distance for great tit and marsh tit as adapted species to the urban ecosystem for sustainable ecosystem management.
The core of subject matter education is determined by the choice of subject matter taught to students and by the organization of content according to educational objectives. The purpose of this research is to suggest ways to improve the present content of science education so as to prepare students and schools for a radically different future. We deduced the main issues the solution of which could lead to significant improvements in the contents of science education by analyzing previous studies and investigating the changes in content that were effected during curriculum revisions in the past. The main issues thus revealed through this study are as follows: the essence of the contents of subject matters in science education, the social and cultural background of change in the science curriculum, the rational steps on the way to choosing contents as part of the science curriculum, the processes of choosing the main contents of each subject, the international comparative study of contents, the updating of contents for the benefit of future society, and the reorganization of subject contents. In order to find a concrete improvement on the issues deduced, we organized an expert group. Then, we proceeded to collect and analyze the experts' opinions. A survey was administered to 19 science education experts working with universities and colleges of education. We examined their degree of agreement on the issues and problems, and on the steps that may be taken to us the improvements on these issues. we suggested that: collecting opinion and reaching an agreement on the essence of the contents of the subject matters in science education, the necessity to choose core contents within the scientific domain, developing a structure map in order to integrate and connect various subject domains, presenting explicitly the objective of inquiry by grades, moving toward integrating science contents, diversifying the construction of science textbooks.
Lee, Jeong-Deok;Shin, Daeyun;Kim, Dohyeong;Oh, Seung Jun
Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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v.7
no.3
/
pp.30-34
/
2012
National Meteorological Satellite Center(NMSC) of Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) has launched to implement the application development to get prepared for the space weather operation since 2010. As a action of KMA's space weather work, NMSC constructed Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) application system for meteorology and space weather. We will introduce NMSC's space weather application system which derives regional TEC(Total Electron Content) in near real time using nation-wide GNSS network data. First, We constructed system for collecting GNSS data, which is currently collecting about 80 stations operated by agencies like NGII(National Geographic Information Institute), Central Office of DGPS(Differential GPS), and KASI(Korea Astronomy and Space Science) including KMA's own data of 2 stations. In order to retreive regional TEC over Korean peninsular, we build up the automatic processes running every 1-hour. In these processes, firstly, GNSS data of every stations with 24 hours time window are processed to derive DCBs(Differential Code Biases) of each GNSS station and TEC values on every ionosphere piercing point(IPP). Then we made gridded regional TEC map with resolution of 0.25 degree from 31N, 121E to 41N, 135E by combination of all station results within 30 minutes window with assumption that TEC of a given point during a given 30 minutes window would have a constant value. The grid points without TEC value are interpolated using Barnes objective analysis. We presentour regional TEC maps, which can describe better on the status of ionosphere over Korean peninsular compared to IGS TEC maps.
Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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v.18
no.5
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pp.113-120
/
2013
This paper proposes an algorithm that proves an NP-complete 4-color theorem by employing a linear time complexity where $O(n)$. The proposed algorithm accurately halves the vertex set V of the graph $G=(V_1,E_1)$ into the Maximum Independent Set (MIS) $\bar{C_1}$ and the Minimum Vertex Cover Set $C_1$. It then assigns the first color to $\bar{C_1}$ and the second to $\bar{C_2}$, which, along with $C_2$, is halved from the connected graph $G=(V_2,E_2)$, a reduced set of the remaining vertices. Subsequently, the third color is assigned to $\bar{C_3}$, which, along with $C_3$, is halved from the connected graph $G=(V_3,E_3)$, a further reduced set of the remaining vertices. Lastly, denoting $C_3$ as $\bar{C_4}$, the algorithm assigns the forth color to $\bar{C_4}$. The algorithm has successfully obtained the chromatic number ${\chi}(G)=4$ with 100% probability, when applied to two actual map and two planar graphs. The proposed "four color algorithm", therefore, could be employed as a general algorithm to determine four-color for planar graphs.
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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v.25
no.1
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pp.25-38
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2022
Urban problems are constantly occurring around the world due to rapid industrialization and population decline. In particular, as the number of vacant houses is gradually increasing as the population decreases, it is necessary to prepare countermeasures. A plan to utilize vacant houses has emerged to restore the natural environment of the urban ecosystem where forest destruction, damage to habitats of wild animals and plants, and disconnection have occurred due to large-scale development. Through connectivity analysis, it is possible to understand the overall ecosystem flow based on the movement of species and predict the effect when vacant houses are converted into green spaces. Therefore, this study analyzed the green area network to confirm the possibility of greening of vacant houses neglected in Jeonju based on circuit theory. Using Circuitscape and Least-cost path, we tried to identify the connectivity of green areas and propose an ecological axis based on the analysis. In order to apply the resistance values required for analysis based on previous studies, the 2020 subdivision land cover data were integrated into the major classification evaluation items. When the eight forests in the target site were analyzed as the standard, the overall connectivity and connectivity between forests in the area were high, so it is judged that the existing green areas can perform various functions, such as species movement and provision of habitats. Based on the results of the connectivity analysis, the importance of vacant houses was calculated and the top 20 vacant houses were identified, and it was confirmed that the higher the ranking, the more positive the degree of landscape connectivity was when converted to green areas. In addition, it was confirmed that the results of analyzing the least-cost path based on the resistance values such as connectivity analysis and the existing conceptual map showed some differences when comparing the ecological axes in the form. As a result of checking the vacant houses corresponding to the relevant axis based on the width standards of the main and sub-green areas, a total of 30 vacant houses were included in the 200m width and 6 vacant houses in the 80m width. It is judged that the conversion of vacant houses to green space can contribute to biodiversity conservation as well as connectivity between habitats of species as it is coupled with improved green space connectivity. In addition, it is expected to help solve the problem of vacant houses in the future by showing the possibility of using vacant houses.
Seo, Hyunjong;Jeong, Woong-Seob;Kim, Minjin;Kim, Seong Jin;Ko, Jongwan;Pyo, Jeonghyun;Kim, Min Gyu;Pearson, Chris;Barrufet, Laia;Varillas, Maria del Carmen Campos;Matsuhara, Hideo;Malkan, Matt;Kim, Helen K.;Takagi, Toshinobu;Miyaji, Takamitsu;Tello, Jorge Diaz;Goto, Tomotsugu;Oi, Nagisa
Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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v.51
no.3
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pp.49-63
/
2018
We carry out a study of Sub-Millimeter Galaxies (SMGs) in the AKARI NEP-Deep field using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) SCUBA-2 $850{\mu}m$ source catalog, released as part of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS) program. The SCUBA-2 $850{\mu}m$ map has a root mean square (rms) noise of $1.2mJy\;beam^{-1}$ and covers an area of $0.60degree^2$. We find four SMGs which have counterparts to Herschel sources with spectroscopic redshifts in the literature. In addition, three dust obscured galaxies (DOGs) detected in Herschel bands are selected as a comparison sample. We derive IR luminosities of SMGs using the CIGALE code, which are similar to those of high redshift SMGs from previous studies. The contribution of AGN to the total IR luminosity in SMGs (2%-11%) is smaller than the lower limit for the one in DOGs (19%-35%), which is consistent with the expectation from the evolutionary scenario of massive galaxies. We search for SMGs in overdense regions as protocluster candidates and investigate four regions, including candidates around three DOGs. Finally, we argue that follow-up spectroscopic observation for the NEP-Deep field will provide crucial information to understand the role of SMGs in the evolution of massive galaxies.
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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v.26
no.3
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pp.263-273
/
2008
The precision of sensors' position is particularly important in the application of road extraction or digital map generation. In general, the various ranging solution systems such as GPS, Total Station, and Laser Ranger have been employed for the position of the sensor. Basically, the ranging solution system has problems that the signal may be blocked or degraded by various environmental circumstances and has low temporal resolution. To overcome those limitations a IMU/range integrated system could be introduced. In this paper, after pointing out the limitation of extended Kalman filter which has been used for workhorse in navigation and geodetic community, the two sampling based nonlinear filters which are sigma point Kalman filter using nonlinear transformation and carefully chosen sigma points and particle filter using the non-gaussian assumption are implemented and compared with extended Kalman filter in a simulation test. For the ranging solution system, the GPS and Total station was selected and the three levels of IMUs(IMU400C, HG1700, LN100) are chosen for the simulation. For all ranging solution system and IMUs the sampling based nonlinear filter yield improved position result and it is more noticeable that the superiority of nonlinear filter in low temporal resolution such as 5 sec. Therefore, it is recommended to apply non-linear filter to determine the sensor's position with low degree position sensors.
Whereas the demand for development of forested areas covering more than 60% of Korean territory, permission on the forest development has been still given from the perspective of effective land utilization rather than conservation. As the assessment of large forested areas usually focuses more on forest structure, it has its limitation of observing and analyzing the interior change in forest in this way. This study was aimed at computing landscape metrics using a presence vegetation map and FRAGTSTATS 4.2 and analyzing vegetation mosaics. Colonies in native vegetation were classified into a series of major groups and sub-groups based on the native species within the colonies. The colonies were investigated by analyzing a suite of landscape metrics - Core Area, Percentage of Landscape, Number of Patches, Patch Density, Largest Patch Index, Total Edge, Edge Density, Landscape Shape Index, Mean Patch Area, Euclidean Nearest Neighbor. In the Chungnam province major groups and sub-groups of colonies classified based on the proportion of pine and oak species, and pine species was the principal one in terms of distribution area. As for the competition between pines and oaks, while the coverage of pine-centered colonies were three times larger than those of oak-centered ones, pine colonies showed the greater number of patches and therefore higher fragmentation than oaks at the major group level. For the sub-groups, the largest coverage colonies were not only indicated by Pinus densiflora-Quesrcus mongolica colonies among P. densiflora-centered colonies, Q. accutissima colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. accutissima-P. densiflora colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. mongolica colonies among Q. mongolica-centered ones, P. thumbergii colonies among P. thumbergii-centered ones, and Q. serrata-Q. acutissima colonies among Q. serrata-centered ones, but also revealed more severely mosaicked than other smaller colonies. The overall mosaicking degree estimated by landscape metrics was considered useful for monitoring and investigating vegetation. However, in order to develop management strategy based on analyzing the reason for the mosaicking process and anticipating a trend in vegetation succession, it is essential to further study about ecological characteristics of each colony in the vegetation.
Park, Sung-Mi;Lee, Myeong-Seong;Choi, Seok-Won;Lee, Chan-Hee
Journal of Conservation Science
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v.24
/
pp.23-36
/
2008
The stone Buddhas and Shrine of Unjusa temple (Korea Treasure No. 797) in Hwasun formed in Koryo Dynasty are unique style which the Buddha faces each other the back parts of south and north within the stone Shrine. The stone Buddhas and Shrine are highly evaluated in historical, artistic and academic respects. But, the stone properties have been exposed in the open system various aspects of degradations weathered for a long time without specific protective facilities. The rock materials of the stone Buddhas and Shrine are about 47 blocks, and total press load is about 56.6 metric ton. The host rocks composed mainly of white grey hyaline lithic tuff and rhyolitic tuff breccia. In addition, biotite granite used as part during the restoration works. The chemical index of alteration for host tuffaceous rocks and the replacement granites range from 52.1 to 59.4 and 50.0 to 51.0, respectively. Weathering types for the stone Buddhas and Shrine were largely divided with physical, chemical and biological weathering to make a synthetic deterioration map according to aspects of damage, and estimate share as compared with surface area. Whole deterioration degrees are represented that physical weathering appeared exfoliation. Chemical weathering is black coloration and biological weathering of grey lichen, which show each lighly deterioration degrees. According to deterioration degree by direction of stone Buddhas and Shrine, physical weathering mostly appeared by 39.1% on the sorthern part, and chemical weathering is 61.2% high share on the western part. Biological weathering showed 38.3% the largest distribution on the southern part. Therefore, it is necessary to try hardening for the parts with serious cracks or exfoliations, remove secondary contaminants and organisms through regular cleaning. Also necessary to make a plan to remove moisture of the ground which causes weathering, and estimate that need established and scientific processing through clinical demonstration of conservation plan that chooses suitable treatment.
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