• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2011

Impact of pruning date, shoot age and weather parameters on the severity and development of grey leaf spot (Pseudocercospora mori) of mulberry was studied. The disease severity (%) increased with increase in shoot age irrespective of pruning date. Maximum disease severity was observed in plants pruned during second week of October and minimum in plants pruned during last week of December. Significant (P<0.05) influence of date of pruning, shoot age and their interaction was observed on the severity of the disease. Apparent infection rate (r) was significantly higher during plant growth period from day-48 to day-55. Average apparent rate was higher in plants pruned during first week of September and least in plants pruned during third and fourth week of December. Multiple regression analysis revealed contribution of various combinations of weather parameters on the disease severity. A linear prediction model [$Y=66.05+(-1.39)x_1+(-0.219)x_4$] with significant $R^2$ was developed for prediction of the disease under natural epiphytotic condition.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.07c
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• pp.1177-1179
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• 1997

In this paper, short-term power demand forecast using exclusion of week periodicity presented. Week periodicity excluded from weekday change ratio. Forecast term of five and multiple regression model of the three form was composed. Forecast result was good. Therefore, It Could be the power demand forecast of special day(weekend). This method may contribute improvement of forecast accuracy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 1993

Ten-week-old White Leghorn immature males and females were exposed to four lighting regimens: a constant light (12L : 12D); repeated up and slow down (13 min. up and 1 min. down per day for 13 consecutive days, and repeated on two-week cycle) lighting; repeated slow up and down (1 min. up per day for 13 consecutive days and 13 min. down, and repeated on two-week cycle) lighting; and step-up (14 min. up every second week) lighting. At 15 weeks of age, significantly larger testis and comb weights and significantly higher concentrations of plasma LH and testosterone were observed in the cockerels under the repeated slow up and down lighting regimen than those under the other lighting regimens. At 20 weeks of age, significantly larger oviduct weights and significantly higher concentrations of plasma estradiol were observed in the pullets under the repeated up and slow down, and the step-up lighting regimens than those under the other lighting regimens.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.279-292
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• 1991

The immune response to sheep red blood cell (sRBC) was monitored in the mice infected with Ascaris strum or Trichinella spiralis. The effects of the infection with T. spiralis or the injection with cyclophosphamide (CY) as an immunosuppression agent prior to challenge infection with the embryonated eggs of A. suum were monitored in mice by means of the level of infection with A. strum and cellular and humoral immune response to sRBC. following the oral administration of 1, 000 eggs of A. suum to mice, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and rosette-forming rate were gradually decreased and reached to the lowest levels at the 5th week and 6th week postinfection, respectively, and then returned to normal at the loth week. The hemagglutinin (HA) and hemolysin (HE) titers were gradually elevated and reached to peak at the 3rd week postinfection, and then returned to normal level. The appearance ratios of the eosinophils and mast cells were in peak at the 4th week and the 2nd week postinfection, respectively. Meanwhile the harvest ratio of A. suum larvae from the liver and lungs was 21.97% at the 1st week postinfection. Following the oral administration of 300 T. spiralis infective larvae, DTH and rosette-forming rate were gradually decreased with the lapse of time and reached the lowest values in the 30th and 21st day of postinfection, and then slightly increased and transiently decreased in the 70th and 80th day of postinfection, respectively. HA and HE titers were the lowest in the 21st and 90th day, whereas the ratios of eosinophils and mast cells were the highest on the 40th and 14th day posti nfecti on, ruts petit i vela. Following the intraperitoneal injection of CY, the body weight, the spleen weight, DTH, rosette-orming ratio, HA and HE titers, the number of WBC and the ratio of the mast cell were predominantly decreased in the 5th day, and then returned to the same value of the 1st day postinjection. The ratio of eosinophils was gradually decreased following to advance of days. At the 1st, 5th and loth days after intraperitoneal injection of CY of 400 mg/kg, a dose with 1, 000 eggs of A. suum was administered orally to mice, and harvest rate of the larvae at the 7th day postadministration was 7.07% in the 1st day, 14.94% in the 5th day, 10.1% in the loth day, 8.02% in control group. The effect of prior infection with infective larvae of T. spiralis upon immunological sequelae of a challenge infection of mice with embryonated eggs of A. suum in 30 or 70 days interval was checked. On the 37th day of prior infection with T. spiralis, that was the 7th day with A. suum postinfection, DTH and rosette-forming rate were drastically decreased, but the ratio of mast cells was highly increased and the ratio of eosinophils, HA and HE titers were fairly increased. On the other hand, the rate of larvae harvest was 9.3% in experimental group in contrast with 22.18% in control group. Meanwhile the effect of immune response to sRBC was similar to that of the former, but DTH and rosettt-forming rate were greatly decreased in the 77th day after prior infection with the 7th day after challenge infection in compariton with control. At that time, Ascaris larvae were harvested 8.3% in experimental group in comparison with 10.5% in control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1025-1036
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ca and/or vitamin D supplementation for 53 weeks on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. The subjects were healthy 18 women aged from 59 to 69 years old. They were divided into three groups : placebo, Ca(1000mg/day) supplementation and Ca(1000mg/day) with vitamin D(12.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/day) supplementation. During the experimental periods except for metabolic studies, the subjects ate their usual diets and the use of drugs as well as excessive exercise was prohibited. Metabolic studies were conducted in the 1st week and in the 53rd week of the experimental periods. The subjects ate experimental diets which consisted of 1787.3kcal, 69.6g of protein, 561.5mg of Ca and 1078.6mg of P daily during both of the metabolic study periods. The results were summarized as follows; 1) Bone density of the second lumbar spine and trochanter measured after treatment decreased significantly in control group as compared with pre-experimental level(p<0.05). On the contrary, bone density of femoral neck and Ward's triangle in Ca group and the second lumbar spine in Ca.Vit D group increased significantly after treatment. 2) Serum PTH and calcitonin levels did not show any significant differences among groups before and after treatment. But serum PTH level increased significantly in all groups after treatment(P<0.05). 3) Serum Ca and P levels did not show any significant differences among groups before and after treatment. But serum Ca level increased significantly in all groups after treatment (P<0.05) and serum P level decreased significantly in Ca.Vit D group after treatment(P<0.05). 4) Mean 24-hours fecal Ca excretion of Ca group was the highest in the 1st week of treatment(P<0.01), and that of control group was the lowest in the 53rd week of treatment(P<0.01). Fecal Ca excretion increased significantly in control and Ca.Vit D group in the 53rd week of treatment(P<0.05). Urinary Ca excretion did not show any significant differences among groups in the 1st and 53rd week of treatment, but that of Ca.Vit D group was the highest the 1st week of treatment(P<0.01). In the 53rd week of treatment Ca and Ca.Vit D group showed positive Ca balance, but control group showed negative Ca balance. The above results showed that it will be difficult to prevent degenerative bone loss without Ca and/or vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women eating Korean usual diets.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to clarify that scintigram was a more effective method than radiogram in the early detection of periapical lesion. Periapical lesions were produced artificially by the opening of the pulp chambers of the lower right 3rd and 4th premolars in 6 dogs. The serial bone scintigrams using 99m-Tc-MDP and periapical radiograms were taken weekly. The uptake counts of the 99-Tc-MDP in the experimental side were compared with those in the control side. The periapical radiograms were interpreted with the joint evaluation by three dental radiologists. The following results were obtained; 1. The radioactivity in the experimental side was increased at the Ist week except one animal in which the radioactivity was increased at the 2nd week. 2. It was observed that increasing amount of radioactivity per week was prominent from the 1st day of experiment to the Ist week, and the 3rd week to the 4th week. 3. The radiographic evidence of the periapical lesions was observed at the 3rd week and became more apparent at the 4th week. 4. Histologically, proliferation of blood vessels and infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells were observed at the 1st week and osteoblasts were found after the 3rd week.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1540-1546
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• 2009

One hundred and forty-four piglets with an average birth weight of 1,672${\pm}$13.4 g were used to evaluate different feeding strategies for piglets reared from birth on a dummy sow. A 3${\times}$2 factorial experiment compared three nursing frequencies (1, 3 or 6 h intervals) and two feeding regimes (milk only, or milk combined with access to creep feed and water). The piglets which were nursed at one hour intervals had the lightest body weights at all days, and the poorest combined milk and creep feed dry matter conversion efficiency to piglet body weight gain in the second week. Piglets which were nursed at 3 h intervals had the heaviest body weight at day 15 and 22, but those nursed at 6 h intervals achieved similar body weight by days 29 (milk withdrawal) and 36. Piglets offered creep feed were observed to wean themselves before cessation of milk availability, and the timing of this self-weaning depended on the nursing frequency. The piglets nursed at one hour intervals weaned themselves between day 22 and day 29, those nursed at 3 h intervals weaned themselves between day 15 and day 22, whilst those nursed at 6 h intervals weaned themselves between day 8 and day 15. The piglets which were nursed at 6 h intervals had the highest total dry matter intake in weeks 3 and 4 when fed with milk, creep feed and water but not when fed milk only. They consequently had the poorest dry matter conversion efficiency in the fourth week and overall when fed with milk, creep feed and water, but not when fed milk only. It is concluded that the optimal management routine under these conditions is a 3 h nursing cycle with provision of supplementary creep feed and water.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.739-753
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• 2012

Based on 'Backpack-free day' and 'Unsupervised studying day' in the early 1980s, 10% of all schools in 2004 had at least 1 day of five-day classes a month as at least 2 days were enforced in 2006, and most elementary and middle schools had widely enforced the five-day class since 2012 March. The five-day class system expands the stage of studying from school to families and local societies to build an educational community related to school-family-local societies to provide various activities such as culture, art, sports, social, nature experiences on holidays to have the goal to foster creative future talents with proper personality understanding and considering others. In Busan, the five-day week class of Saturday program is being operated in various methods by national local government and public organizations. The Saturday program of local societies registered in the Saturday school of the information sharing networks are 2823 in total for the past 6 years which are being operated by national local government and public organizations. However, participation of students in the Saturday program is around 20% in 2012 March when Saturday holiday system was widely conducted. For this, problems in the Saturday programs that are currently being enforced are to be closely analyzed and participation expansion plans are to be made. Therefore, this study analyzes and investigates operation forms of Saturday programs conducted in Busan to propose an improvement plan to fulfill goals of Saturday programs and boost participation of students.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that BDNF has a role in plasticity and survival following spinal cord injury and treadmill exercise increases BDNF levels in the normal brain and spinal cord. We attempted to determine whether swimming exercise improve motor function following experimental contusive spinal cord injury and whether motor outcome is associated with BDNF expression. Methods: Thirty six Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 250 to 300 g) were divided into control (n=18) and experimental swimming group (n=18). Spinal cord injury was produced using NYU-spinal impactor at the eleven thoracic levels in both groups. Swimming exercise started $7^{th}$ day from SCI operation, lasted 5 min per day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks and then exercise times a day were increased in one number to each week. Motor functional recovery was determined by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, modified inclined board plane test, histological findings, H&E and BDNF expression observed at $1^{th}$, $3^{rd}$, $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$, $21^{st}$ and $28^{th}$day after injury. Results: 1. The BBB scores were higher in experimental group than control group at $14^{th}$, $21^{st}$ day (left hind limb) and at $21^{th}$ day (right hind limb) (p<0.05) after injury. 2. The inclined board plane test were significantly greater in experimental group than control group at $7^{th}$ day (p<0.05), $14^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day (p<0.01) after injury. 3. The BDNF expression was severe revealed in experimental group than control group at $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day after injury. Conclusion: This study suggests that swimming applied from the early phase after spinal cord injury be beneficial effects in motor functional recovery.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.91-106
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• 2003

Multiple features of infant day-care are explored, including age of entry, quantity, quality and stability of day-care. And relative contribution of day-care and family factors on maternal behaviors are examined. Data were gathered from 299 mothers who have infants aged under 36 months using self-report questionnaires. Results show that more than 40% infants enter day-care before 6 months of their life and about 85% of infants have far more than 30 hours of care a week. Half of the infants experience different day-care arrangements more than once. Compared to the other types of day-care, frequency of day-care arrangement change and quality of care are highest in private child-care centers. A series of Hierarchical regression results reveal that quality of day care is negatively related to mothers' control behavior whereas positively related to mothers' responsive behavior. But in general, family and child characteristics play a greater role in mothers' parenting behaviors than infant day-care characteristics.