• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.2
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• pp.60-76
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analysis level on family caregiver's burden for the elderly with senile dementia in a rural area and to choose priority care group, thereby facilitating the development of interventions to reduce the caregiver's burden. For this purpose, data were collected by questionaire from June 10 to October 8, 1994. The instruments for data collection were Caregiver Burden Inventory by Novak(1989) and Zarit et al(1982), severity of dementia by Hughes Scales (1982), ADL by Lawton (1971), patients' family caregiving activity by pre-survey and reference review(Lee, 1993 ; Jang, 1990 ; Yoo, 1982). The subjects were 60 family caregiver of senile dementia in a rural area. The data was analysed by the use of t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression. The results were as follows : 1. Total burden was evaluated over average, the mean of family burden was 61.24. 2. Significant variables which were correlated to the family caregiver's burden were the severity of dementia(F=30.52, p<0.001), ADL(F=5.43, p<0.01), PADL(F=6.14, p<0.01), caregiver's health status(F=6.05, p<0.01), a view of patient's prognosis(F=4.08, p<0.05), the number of hours per day spent on caregiving(F=19.64, p<0.001), level of intimacy of caregiver and patients(F=7.16, p<0.001), the frequency of caregiving activity(F=5.31, p<0.01). 3. ADL was the most important predictor to family caregiver burden(R2=0.6611). In addition to this, the severity of dementia, level of intimacy of caregiver and patient, relationship with the patient accounted for 79% of family caregiver burden. 4. The criteria of priority care group were as follows ; the mean of family caregiver burden was above 58, above of moderate ADL, the number of hours per day spent on caregiving above of 8 hours, above of moderate dementia. By the the severity of dementia, number of priority care group, mild dementia was 10(43.4%), moderate dementia 23 (92.0%), sever dementia 12(100.0%).

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the growth responses of Pinus densiflora seedlings to enhanced UV-B environment for 16 weeks in the field condition. The seedlings were treated with one of three levels of UV-B dosages - ambient UV-B, ambient + 3.2, and ambient + 5.2 KJ m$^{-2}$day$^{-1}$ and the irradiation was performed at the stage before the germination, the fully expanded cotyledon, and the primary needles grown more than 0.8cm in length of the seedlings, respectively. Enhanced UV-B irradiation reduced the height and the root collar diameter growth, and dry mass production of the seedling, and T/R ratio was increased by the UV-B treatment. Difference in seedling growth was observed by difference in time of the UV-B treatment. Among the seedlings which were treated with ambient - 3.2 KJ m$^{-2}$day$^{-1}$, height and root collar diameter growth was relatively high in the seedling received the UV-B treatment at the stage before the germination. The lowest dry mass production was observed in the seedlings received the UV-B at stage of cotyledon both in two levels of enhanced UV-B treatment. Chlorophyll concentration was reduced by enhanced UV-B irradiation, and chlorophyll a/b ratio was increased by the UV-B treatment.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of vitrification solution and developmental stage on the survival rate of vitrified-thawed human blastocyst embryos. Human blastocyst embryos were cryopreserved by vitrification using EFS and GE solution, and their survival rates were examined after thawing and further culture. EFS solution was consisted of 40% ethylene glycol, 18% Ficoll 70 and 0.3M sucrose. GE solution was consisted of 25% glycerol and 25% ethylene glycol. Embryos were exposed to EFS and GE solution by 2 steps and 3 steps, respectively, and plunged into liquid nitrogen after loading into 0.25ml plastic straws. Blastocysts were classified into 4 groups in accordance with their developmental stage: into 1) EEB, 2) MEB and 3) EdB, of blastocysts developed on day 5, and 4) 6d-Bla(the blastocysts which formed on day 6). The blastocysts at each stage were vitrified by GE solution and cryopreserved in LN2. After thawing them, we examined their survival rates, respectively. The resulted of this study were as follows: 1. The survival rate of blastocysts vitrified by GE solution was 64.4%, significantly higher than that (5.7%) vitrified by EFS solution (P<0.001). 2. When the blastocysts were vitrified by GE solution according to each developmental stage, the survival rates of EEB, MEB, EdB and 6d-Bla were 65.9%, 65.9%, 73.2% and 58.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the cryopreservation of human blastocysts by vitrification is likely to have a marked advantage in terms of cost, work and time as compared to the conventional slow freezing in IVF-ET programs.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.566-578
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• 2000

This study was conducted to ascertain infant's sleep and feeding patterns for the purpose of building up the positive parent-child relationship and setting up a preliminary parenting education program. The subjects were 16 infants who were cared for in their houses. The data was collected using NCASA developed by Barnard et al. from October 1st to December 3lth, 1999. The analysis of data was done with SPSSWIN for descriptive statistics and t-test, ANOVA, Correlation Analysis. The result were as follows: 1. The average day sleep of the infant was 9.51 hours, night sleep was 6.27 hours, and total sleep was 15.84 hours. The longest period of day sleep was 3.02 hours, and the longest period of night sleep was 3.72 hours. The regularity of day sleep was 34.78%, night sleep was 61.72% and total was 43.76%. 2. The frequency of daytime feeding was 5.13 times, nighttime was 2.44 times and total was 7.38 times. The regularity of feeding was 52.14%. 3. In the correlation between sleep and feeding patterns, night sleep was negatively correlated with feeding method(r=-.52, P<0.05), the longest period of day sleep was negatively correlated with feeding method(r=-.73, P<0.001), feeding frequency(r=-.60, P<0.05), the regularity of feeding(r=-.70, P<0.001). The longest period of night sleep was negatively correlated with feeding frequency (r=-.53, P<0.05). Feeding method was positively correlated with feeding frequency(r=.71, P<0.001), the regularity of feeding(r=.57, P<0.05). Day sleep was positively correlated with total sleep(r=.93, P<0.001), the regularity of total sleep was positively correlated with the longest period of day sleep(r=.54, P<0.05), total sleep(r=.65, P<0.001). The regularity of feeding was positively correlated with feeding method(r=.57, P<0.05), total feeding frequency(r=.50, P<0.05), the frequency of daytime feeding(r=.61, P<0.05). Feeding method was positively correlated with total feeding frequency(r=.71, P<0.001). In conclusion, the study showed that infants slept more in the nighttime than in the daytime, but after 3 months the pattern changed and showed that nighttime sleep was increased. Also the regularity of night sleep was increased with the infant's age. Total feeding frequency was decreased with the infant's age, and the regularity of feeding was increased in infants who slept shorter periods in the daytime than in the nighttime.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.48-54
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• 1968

Male rats of the Albino strain received methylene blue in the dose of 40mg/kg by subcutaneous injection and were subjected to total body X-irradiation, 300 roentgen, at 30 minutes after the injection. The protective effect of methylene blue against the single total body X-irradiation was studied for 24 days after X-irradiation with regard to the levels of liver glycogen, blood glucose, and electrolytes in serum. 1. Total body X-irradiation generally casued an increase in the levels of the liver glycogen and blood glucose in both methylene blue treated and control group during the entire experiment. 2. Methylene blue has been shown to delay slightly the increase of the levels of the liver glycogen and blood glucose when comparing with both groups which were given methylene blue and control saline injection before irradiation in the rats. 3. The delay in the increase in the levels of liver glycogen, in experimental group injected with methylene blue, significantly came in two phases. The first phase appeared at there days after the exposure, the second followed at eighth day. It appeared that the recovery phase was at nineteenth day. 4. During the experimental days the levels of the blood glucose increased generally, methylene blue, however, caused delay in two phases; the first at fifth day, the second at eighteenth day after the exposure to X-rays. 5. In electrolytes, there was not a significant difference. The levels of chloride were, however, slightly decreased in both groups, levels of potassium appeared different in two phases at first day and twelfth day, and the levels of sodium appeared to show irregular changes at the same levels, but there was no significant difference. 6. It may be considered that methylene blue greatly reduces the sensitivity of rats to X-rays, provided that methylene blue is given before the exposure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1174-1180
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• 2014

This study investigated the antioxidative and hair growth-promoting activities of Zizyphus jujuba (Zj) and fermented Zj with Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sac. cerevisiae). Among Zj and fermented Zjs, Sac. cerevisiae-fermented Zj (Zj-Y) exerted stronger scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals than others. In addition, total polyphenol content of Zj-Y was higher than that of non-fermented Zj and other fermented Zj. This result indicates that fermentation of Zj by Sac. cerevisiae elevated antioxidative activity. Furthermore, using an alopecia model in C57B/6N mice, the hair growth activities of Zj and Zj-Y were investigated. The test samples, EtOH, minoxidil (MXD), Zj, and Zj-Y, were topically treated with 0.2 mL/day for 4 weeks. The experiments involved macroscopic observation and measurement of hair length methods. The results show that regrowth speed of hair was in decreasing order of MXD> Zj-Y> Zj> EtOH. The topical application of MXD and Zj-Y in mice promoted hair regrowth and prevented hair loss compared to the control group. The present study indicates that Zj-Y is a promising treatment for alopecia.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

The current study investigated the effect of Korean safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder and its water and ethanol extracts on bone metabolism during recovery from rib-fracture induced by surgical operation in rats. 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 320 g were divided into 9 groups after arrival: 10d control (AIN 76 semi-purified diet), 10d safflower seed powder (10d SS-powder), 10d safflower seed ethanol extract (10d SS-EtOH), 10d safflower seed water extract (10d SS-$H_2O$), 20d control (AIN-76 semi-purified diet), 20d safflower heed powder (20d SS-powder), 20d safflower seed ethanol extract (20d SS-EtOH), 20d safflower seed water extract (20d SS-$H_2O$), and 20d sham-operation (20d sham), The dietary level for all the supplements was 5% based on the raw material weight. The rats were fed the experimental diets for 10 days before the rib fracture operation and for a further 10 or 20 days after the operation. A number 9 rib was fractured surgically and a sham-operation also performed. The rats were then sacrificed on the l0th or 20th day after the operation. The body weight initially decreased after the operation in all the rib-fractured groups, then gradually recovered. The concentrations of plasma osteocalcin were higher in the control group than in all the safflower-supplemented groups 10 and 20 days after the rib-fracture (p < 0.05). The bone-specific ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity was significantly higher in the SS-EtOH group than in the other groups 20 days after the rib-fracture (p < 0.05). The level of urinary DPD (deoxypridinoline) was significantly higher in the SS-EtOH and SS-$H_2O$ groups than in the other groups 10 days after the rib-fracture. When comparing the PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin levels, the SS-$H_2O$ group exhibited the highest PTH level among the groups 10 and 20 days after the rib-fracture. Thus, it was concluded that the bone turnover during the fracture-healing period was more rapid in the rats supplemented with safflower seed powder or its fractions than in the control rats. Furthermore, the SS-$H_2O$ fraction was identified as the most effective in stimulating bone remodeling, as bone resorption and bone formation were both significantly increased during fracture healing when compared to the control group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1980

The purpose of the present study is to find the light intensity which induces maximum gathering rate and to observe the variation of the gathering rate both in daytime and at night by using three species of commercial fishes: filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer (Temminck et Schlegel), conger eel, Astroconger myriaster (Brevoort) and crucian carp, Carassius oarassius (Linnaeus). An experimental tank $(360L\times50W\times55Hcm)$ was set up in a dark room. An illumination system was attached to one end of the tank to control horizontal, light intensity. Six artificial light sources were prepared by combination of two light bulbs (5W, 150W) and seven filters. During the experiment water depth was maintained 50 cm level in the tank. The tank was marked into six longitudinal sections each being 60 cm long to observe the distribution of fish. The fish were acclimatized in dark condition for 40 minutes prior to the main experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish .in each section was counted 40 times every 30 seconds, and the gathering rates were obtain from the average number of fish in each section. In filefish the light intensity inducing maximum gathering rate was 0.7 lx(0.5-1.1 lx), and there nab little difference between day and night. Gathering rate varied propotionally to the length of illumination time. In conger eel the light intensities inducing maximum gathering rate were 1.9 lx(1.2-2.9 lx) in daytime and 5.2 lx (3.2-7.7 lx) at night. Thus, there was a considerable difference between day and night, but the gathering rate remained almost unchanged regardless to the length of illumination time. In crucian carp gathering rate did not show a definite pattern hut fluctuated irregularly. The gathering rate, however, was slightly higher at 16.21 lx, and there was little difference between day and night.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2011

The climatology of surface UV radiation for Seoul, presented in Cho et al. (1998; 2001), has been updated using measurement of surface erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) and total ultraviolet (TUV) irradiance (wavelength 286.5~363.0 nm) by a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MK-IV) for the period 2004~2010. The analysis was also carried out together with the broadband total (global) solar irradiance (TR ; 305~2800 nm) and cloud amount to compare with the UV variations, measured by Seoul meteorological station of Korean Meteorological Agency located near the present study site. Under all-sky conditions, the day-to-day variability of EUV exhibits annual mean of 98% in increase and 31% in decrease. It has been also shown that the EUV variability is 17 times as high as the total ozone in positive change, whereas this is 6 times higher in negative change. Thus, the day to day variability is dominantly caused rather by the daily synoptic situations than by the ozone variability. Annual mean value of daily EUV and TUV shows $1.62kJm^{-2}$ and $0.63MJm^{-2}$ respectively, whereas mean value of TR is $12.4MJm^{-2}$ ($143.1Wm^{-2}$). The yearly maximum in noon-time UV Index (UVI) varies between 9 and 11 depending on time of year. The highest UVI shows 11 on 20 July, 2008 during the period 2004~2010, but for the period 1994~2000, the index of 12 was recorded on 13 July, 1994 (Cho et al., 2001). A 40% of daily maximum UVI belongs to "low (UVI < 2)", whereas the UVI less than 5% of the maximum show "very high (8 < UVI < 10)". On average, the maximum UVI exceeded 8 on 9 days per year. The values of Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS) EUV and UVI under cloud-free conditions are 1.8 times and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than the all-sky measurements by the Brewer. The trend analysis in fractional deviation of monthly UV from the reference value shows a decrease of -0.83% and -0.90% $decade^{-1}$ in the EUV and TUV, respectively, whereas the TR trend is near zero (+0.11% $decade^{-1}$). The trend is statistically significant except for TR trend (p = 0.279). It is possible that the recent UV decrease is mainly associated with increase in total ozone, but the trend in TR can be attributed to the other parameters such as clouds except the ozone. Certainly, the cloud effects suggest that the reason for the differences between UV and TR trends can be explained. In order to estimate cloud effects, the EUV, TUV and TR irradiances have been also evaluated for clear skies (cloud cover < 25%) and cloudy skies (cloud cover ${\geq}$ 75%). Annual mean values show that EUV, TUV and TR are $2.15kJm^{-2}$, $0.83MJm^{-2}$, and $17.9MJm^{-2}$ for clear skies, and $1.24kJm^{-2}$, $0.46MJm^{-2}$, and $7.2MJm^{-2}$ for cloudy skies, respectively. As results, the transmission of radiation through clouds under cloudy-sky conditions is observed to be 58%, 55% and 40% for EUV, TUV and TR, respectively. Consequently, it is clear that the cloud effects on EUV and TUV are 18% and 15%, respectively lower than the effects on TR under cloudy-sky conditions. Clouds under all-sky conditions (average of cloud cover is 5 tenths) reduced the EUV and TUV to about 25% of the clear-sky (cloud cover < 25%) values, whereas for TR, this was 31%. As a result, it is noted that the UV radiation is attenuated less than TR by clouds under all weather conditions.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.349-353
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• 2003

The physiological characteristics of cultures of very high cell mass (e.g. 10g cell mass/L), termed“ultrahigh cell density cultures”is reviewed. A close relationship was found between the length of the optical path (OP) in flat-plate reactors and the optimal cell density of the culture as well as its areal (g m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/) productivity. Cell-growth inhibition (GI) unfolds as culture density surpasses a certain threshold. If it is constantly relieved, a 1.0cm OP reactor could produce ca. 50% more than reactors with longer OP, e.g. 5 or 10cm. This unique effect, discovered by Hu et al. [3], is explained in terms of the relationships between the frequency of the light-dark cycle (L-D cycle), cells undergo in their travel between the light and dark volumes in the reactor, and the turnover time of the photosynthetic center (PC). In long OP reactors (5cm and above) the L-D cycle time may be orders of magnitude longer than the PC turnover time, resulting in a light regime in which the cells are exposed along the L-D cycle, to long, wasteful dark periods. In contrast, in reactors with an OP of ca. 1.0 cm, the L-D cycle frequency approaches the PC turnover time resulting in a significant reduction of the wasteful dark exposure time, thereby inducing a surge in photosynthetic efficiency. Presently, the major difficulty in mass cultivation of ultrahigh-density culture (UHDC) concerns cell growth inhibition in the culture, the exact nature of which is awaiting detailed investigation.