• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the sleep/activity patterns of premature babies. Method: The subjects were 55 premature babies who were hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of one University Hospital in Daejeon from September 1, 2004 to March 31, 2006. The sleep/activity patterns of the premature babies were observed for 24 hours a day for 7 days. The observations were made and recorded by the researcher and 5 trained research assistants using NCASA records developed by Barnard et al. (1979). For statistical analysis, frequency, average, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used. Results: The infants slept more and had less awake periods during daytime than full-term infants. As the hospital stay of the premature babies increased, the amount of daytime sleep and total daily sleep decreased, and the amount of daytime awake periods increased. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the level of physical and physiological maturity of premature babies is one of the major variables that affect their sleep/activity patterns. Furthermore, the findings of this study will provide information about the sleep/activity patterns of premature babies, and present baseline data to develop the nursing intervention programs which support optimum development for the premature babies.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 2005

Purpose: To determine the effects of hand massage on nausea and vomiting, and anxiety in children with Iymphocytic leukemia receiving high dose chemotherapy. Method: The children were assigned to an experimental group(15) or a control group(15). All of the children were diagnosed with acute Iymphocytic leukemia and admitted for high dose chemotherapy at C University Medical Center in Seoul. The hand massage was performed for 10 minutes twice a day over three days. To measure the effects of hand massage, the Index of Nausea and Vomiting by Rhodes et al. and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children by Spielberger were used. The level of anxiety was measured by systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. Results: The score for nausea and vomiting decreased in the experimental group. State anxiety for the experimental group was significantly more positive than for the control group at the 2nd measurement. There was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure between the two groups. The level of diastolic blood pressure in the two groups decreased significantly over time. Conclusion: Hand massage could be effective in decreasing nausea and vomiting, state anxiety, pulse rate and blood pressure in children with acute leukemia receiving high dose chemotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.167-181
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• 2006

The subjects of this study of the effects of a consumer education program were 22 experimental and 21 control group children aged five in 2 classes of D day care center in J City. The 14 week consumer education program, based on Lee Ki Soak et al.(1998), was composed of sixteen activities covering five areas relating to curriculum themes, and three activities designed to be employed continuously regardless of the curriculum themes. Pre-, post-, and follow-up surveys were conducted using the consumer behavior questionnaire for mothers. Results showed immediate overall positive effects, including improvement in resource management behavior among sub-areas of consumer behavior. Continued effects of the program were validated by the follow-up survey conducted 4 month after the training program ended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.569-579
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• 1996

The purpose of the present study is to collect information in terms of the frequency and amounts in frequently consumed foods. We conducted the secondary analysis from '93 Korean National Nutrition Survey. Mainly informations about 2-day food records were used to investigate food intakes and to compare different food patterns by area. Amounts and frequencies of food intakes are on the list by the order of contributing amounts and frequencies. Amounts of total daily intake of food per capita are 1,054g in nationwide, 1,076g in large city, 1,049g in small city, 1,017g in rural. The major foods consumed in large quantities were rice, kimchi, milk, in nationwide, large city, and small city and rice, kimchi, Korean radish in rural. The intake frequency of kimchi, rice, and basic seasonings as garlic, green onion, salts, soy sauce et al, were higher than other foods in all area. However, there are need for further researches to investigate individual dietary intake and seasonal variation of intakes. Also, food consumption patterns for different groups considering age, sex, area should be studied.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.1 s.66
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• pp.1-9
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• 1986

Periodical samplings were made in the fields, located Hwasong-Gun, Banwal-Myon, Doondai-Ri, for two years to study the major factors responsible to the population of the overwintered pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye. The population densities of the overwintered larvae reduced greatly at the time of pupation and the changing patterns seemed to be influenced by environmental conditions. The estimated 50% pupation day was about two weeks earlier for the 1980 generation compared with the 1979 generation, and much higher average and the daily maximum temperatures in 1981 affected on the development of the larvae. The relative emergence rates were 14.1% for 1979 and 14.9% for 1980 generation. The relative emergence rates(Y) were affected by the moisture contents of soil ($X_1$) and its variance $(X_2),\;Y=-68.41+4.3206X_1-0.6887X_2$. The relative emergence rates seemed to be decreased with the increased variance of the moisture contents of soil. Percents of needle gall were 49.63% for 1980 and 86.87% for 1981 generation.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2005

Myrionecta rubra, a mixotrophic ciliate, is a cosmopolitan red tide species which is commonly found in neritic and estuarine waters. M. rubra had long been listed as an “nculturable protist”until 2 different laboratory strains were finally established in 2 research groups at the beginning of this century, enabling us to perform initiative investigation into various aspect of the live M. rubra strains (Gustafson et al. 2000; Yih et al. 2004b; Johnson and Stoecker 2005). Field sampling was carried out on high tide at 2 fixed stations around Kunsan Inner Harbor (St.1 near the Estuarine Weir and St.2 off Kunsan Ferry Station) every other day for 4 months from mid-February 2004 to understand detailed figure of the recurrent spring blooms of M. rubra following the onset of the water gates operation of the Keum River Estuarine Weir on August 1994. With its maximum abundance of 272 cells mL$^{-1}$ in St.1, fluctuation pattern of the M. rubra population at the 2 stations was strikingly similar. Notable growth of M. rubra population started on late April, to cause M. rubra red tides during one month from mid-May in which “xceptionally low salinity days”without its red tide were intermittently inserted. High abundance of M. rubra over 50 cells mL$^{-1}$ was recorded at samples with their water temperature and salinity higher than 15${^{\circ}C}$ and 4.0 psu, respectively. During pre-bloom period when salinity fluctuation is moderate and the water temperature is cooler than 15°C, Skeletonema costatum, a chain-forming centric diatom, was most dominant. Cyanobacterial species such as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Phormidium sp. replaced other dominant phytoplankters on the days with “xceptionally low salinity”even during the main blooming period of M. rubra. To summarize, M. rubra could form spring blooms in Keum River Estuary when the level of salinity fluctuation was more severe than that for the dominant diatom Skeletonema costatum and milder than that for the predominance by freshwater cyanobacteria. Therefore, optimal control of the scale and frequency of freshwater discharges might lead us to partially modify the fluctuation pattern of M. rubra populations as well as the period of spring blooms by M. rubra in Keum River Estuary. Sampling time interval of 2 days for the present study or daily sampling was concluded to be minimally required for the detailed exploration into the spring blooms by M. rubra populations in estuaries with weirs like Keum River Estuary.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.687-694
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• 1997

This study investigated the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the nutritional iron status of 31 adolescent girls, aged 12-15 years, with low hemoglobin levels. They were randomly divided into four groups, and for two groups daily150mg or 900mg of L-ascorbic acid(AsA) was given in three equal doses at three meals during 9 weeks. To another group daily 60mg iron as ferrous sulfate was given in the same way as AsA. The control group was given sugar placebo. Body iron status was monitored through the determination of Hb, Hct, MCHC, and serum ferritin concentrations. Dietary AsA and iron intakes were measured from food consumption surveys performed by 3-day 24-hour recalls. The amount of absorbed iron was estimated from the model of Monsen et al. The average amounts of food iron for four groups were 12.3- 15.0mg and 11.1 - 18.9mg at initial and at final period of the supplementation trial, respectively. The tentatively estimated amount of absorbed iron was significantly increased in the 900mg AsA and iron supplementing groups, but not in the 150mg AsA and placebo groups. Both Hb and MCHC were improved to above normal levels in all groups except the placebo group. Hct was elevated only in the AsA 900mg group whose Hct was relatively lower than the other groups. Serum ferritin concentrations of the four groups, which were as low as 8.50 - 14.39ng/mL on average at the intial periods, augmented significantly to 20.18ng/mL and 26.63ng/mL in the 900mg AsA and iron groups, respectively. Serum ferritin was not elevated in either the AsA 300mg group or the placebo group. The above data indicated that the daily supplementaion of 150mg AsA to the meals containing 12-15mg iron per day promoted Hb levels of adolescent girls with low Hb, and the 900mg AsA supplementing improved not only Hb level but also body iron store. A supplementation of 60mg iron per day appeared to be slightly more effective in improving the iron status in comparison to the 900mg AsA supplement. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(5) : 687-694, 1997)

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.415-422
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• 2008

Pumping test was conducted to understand hydraulic conductivity for leaky confined aquifer with high permeability. Test aquifer was formed in $25{\sim}35\;m$ below ground surface at predetermined site of riverbank filtration which junction of Nakdong river and Milyang river in the Ttaan isle, Gimhae city, Korea Monitoring wells were located at intervals of 2 m and 5 m from pumping well in south-west direction (MW1 and MW2 wells) and northeast direction (MW3 and MW4 wells), respectively. Pumping test was continuously conducted for constant pumping rate of $2,500m^3/day$, hydraulic conductivity was estimated using AQTESOLV 3.5 program. Hydraulic conductivity were estimated to be $1.745{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for pumping well (PW), $2.452{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW1 wells, $2.161{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW2 wells, $2.270{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW3 wells and $2.591{\times}10^{-3}m/sec$ for between PW and MW4 wells. The function of hydraulic conductivity (K) as monitoring distance (d) were estimated to be logK = 0.0693logd - 2.671 for south-west direction (PW-MW1-MW2 line), logK = 0.0817logd - 2.655 for north-east direction (PW-MW3-MW 4 line). Scale exponent of hydraulic conductivity as test volume was estimated using Schulze-Makuch et al.(1999) method. Scale exponent of this aquifer was estimated to be 0.15. It means that test aquifer has very low heterogeneity. The radius of influence estimated using transmissivity, maximum groundwater level displacement, distance from pumping well and pumping rate during pumping test were 7.148 m for south-west direction and 6.912 m for north-east direction. The increasing rate of hydraulic conductivity from pumping well to maximum radius of influence were estimated to be 1.40 times for south-west direction and 1.49 times for north-east direction. Thus, heterogeneity of test aquifer was a little higher in north-east direction.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.306-309
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• 2007

Japanese Ocean Flux Data Sets with Use of Remote Sensing Observations (J-OFURO) includes global ocean surface heat flux data derived from satellite data and are used in many studies related to air-sea interaction. Recently latent heat flux data version 2 was constructed in J-OFURO. In version 2 many points are improved compared with version 1. A bulk algorithm used for estimation of latent heat flux is changed from Kondo (1975) to COASRE 3.0(Fairall et al., 2005). In version 1 we used NCEP reanalysis data (Reynolds and Smith, 1994) as SST data. However, the temporal resolution of the data is weekly and considerably low. Recently there are many kinds of global SST data because we can obtain SST data using a microwave radiometer sensor such as TRMM/MI and Aqua/AMSR-E. Therefore, we compared many SST products and determined to use Merged satellite and in situ data Global Daily (MGD) SST provided by Japan Meteorological Agency. Since we use wind speed and specific humidity data derived from one DMSP/SSMI sensor in J-OFURO, we obtain two data at most one day. Therefore, there may be large sampling errors for the daily-mean value. In order to escape this problem, multi-satellite data are used in version 2. As a result we could improve temporal resolution from 3-days mean value in version 1 to daily-mean value in version 2. Also we used an Optimum Interpolation method to estimate wind speed and specific humidity data instead of a simple mean method. Finally the data period is extended to 1989-2004. In this presentation we will introduce latent heat flux data version 2 in J-OFURO and comparison results with other surface latent heat flux data such as GSSTF2 and HOAPS etc. Moreover, we will present validation results by using buoy data.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.187-195
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• 2012

Objectives : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) is a progressive and incurable disease that causes degeneration of the motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to report the effectiveness of Sa-am acupuncture treatment on ALS patient. Methods : Following the stabilization period, a ALS patient respiratory figures(Et $C_{O2}$, Sp $_{O2}$, RR, pulse) were measured by using capnography & pulse oximetry for 30 minutes before acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture treatment such as lung tonification($SP_3(+){\cdot}LU_9(+){\cdot}HT_8(-){\cdot}LU_{10}(-)$), heart tonification($HT_9(+){\cdot}LR_1(+){\cdot}SI_8(-){\cdot}KI_{10}(-)$), liver tonification ($KI_{10}(+){\cdot}LR_8(+){\cdot}LU_8(-){\cdot}LR_4(-)$) were conducted for 5 days. Each Sa-am acupuncture treatment conducted at AM 7 : 00, AM 11 : 00, PM 4 : 30 of the day. During acupuncture treatment, the patient respiratory figures were measured equally for 30 minutes. The patient was treated by using Dong-bang acupuncture needles($0.30{\times}4.0$) and also stimulated using infra red. Results : The value of Et $C_{O2}$ has decreased more after Sa-am acupuncture lung tonification treatment than others. The value of pulse has decreased more after Sa-am acupuncture heart tonification treatment than others. The value of raspiration rate has decreased more after Sa-am acupuncture liver tonification treatment than others. And the value of Sp $O_2$ has increased more after Sa-am acupuncture liver tonification treatment than others. Conclusions : Although this study was subject to a few limitations, but it shows that Sa-am acupuncture treatment for ALS patients has a meaningful effect. This study needs to be developed further using a larger sample size to obtain more valuable and meaningful data.