• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2012

The oceans are the largest body of water geographical unit in the earth. In accordance with the general said of the international law, countries on the international law must have four elements: 1) settled residents; 2) determined territory; 3) a certain degree of government organizations; 4) the sovereignty. The country's basic rights are: 1) the right to independence; 2) the right to equal; 3) the right to jurisdiction; 4) the right to self-protection. UNCLOS as the only one of the "Constitution of the Earth" on the earth, the implementation of its entry into force make about 1/3 of the world's oceans should be assigned to the coastal states, in the use and management of ocean gave the coastal states the center jurisdiction, the coastal states' jurisdiction sphere had been expanded, the power comparison among all countries in the world had new changes. The ocean territory, like the land territory, is the most major material condition of a country. The ocean's strategic status is extremely important, is the important stage of the international political, economic and military struggle, there are many disputes about the rights and interests, resources and the development and utilization on the oceans. To resolve these disputes is bound to depend on a strong comprehensive national strength, including politics, economy, science and technology, as well as the powerful marine force, in which maritime police plays an important role.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1504-1512
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• 2009

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of high-temperature-micro-time (HTMT) processing of diets containing extruded soybean (ESB) in high quantity on milk fat production, metabolic responses, and the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA). Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to either normal concentrate or HTMT treated diets containing ESB (7.5% HTMT-ESB and 15% HTMT-ESB). It was hypothesized that the HTMT-ESB would affect the undegradable fatty acids in the rumen and, thus, would modify the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Both 7.5% and 15% HTMT-ESB did not affect milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and solid-not-fat (SNF), but the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was significantly increased by these treatments. Content of TVA in milk fat was not affected by HTMT-ESB. The HTMT-ESB influenced the fatty acid profile in milk fat, but there was little difference between 7.5% and 15% of supplementation. HTMT-ESB feeding significantly decreased the concentration of plasma insulin and glucose, while plasma growth hormone (GH), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and HDLcholesterol were increased by 7.5% and 15% ESB-HTMT supplementation in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-cholesterol, insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1, T3, T4, and leptin concentrations among treatments (p>0.05). The present results showed that cis-9, trans-11 CLA production was increased by HTMT treatment of dietary ESB without reduction of milk fat, and the unchanged milk fat and yield was assumed to be associated with the constant level of thyroid hormones, leptin, and IGF-1.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.743-767
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• 2020

Due to the impressive flexural performance, enhanced compressive strength and more constrained crack propagation, Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) have been widely employed in the construction application. Majority of experimental studies have focused on the seismic behavior of FRC columns. Based on the valid experimental data obtained from the previous studies, the current study has evaluated the seismic response and compressive strength of FRC rectangular columns while following hybrid metaheuristic techniques. Due to the non-linearity of seismic data, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been incorporated with metaheuristic algorithms. 317 different datasets from FRC column tests has been applied as one database in order to determine the most influential factor on the ultimate strengths of FRC rectangular columns subjected to the simulated seismic loading. ANFIS has been used with the incorporation of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic algorithm (GA). For the analysis of the attained results, Extreme learning machine (ELM) as an authentic prediction method has been concurrently used. The variable selection procedure is to choose the most dominant parameters affecting the ultimate strengths of FRC rectangular columns subjected to simulated seismic loading. Accordingly, the results have shown that ANFIS-PSO has successfully predicted the seismic lateral load with R² = 0.857 and 0.902 for the test and train phase, respectively, nominated as the lateral load prediction estimator. On the other hand, in case of compressive strength prediction, ELM is to predict the compressive strength with R² = 0.657 and 0.862 for test and train phase, respectively. The results have shown that the seismic lateral force trend is more predictable than the compressive strength of FRC rectangular columns, in which the best results belong to the lateral force prediction. Compressive strength prediction has illustrated a significant deviation above 40 Mpa which could be related to the considerable non-linearity and possible empirical shortcomings. Finally, employing ANFIS-GA and ANFIS-PSO techniques to evaluate the seismic response of FRC are a promising reliable approach to be replaced for high cost and time-consuming experimental tests.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1464-1469
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• 2006

The present study was conducted with twenty-four Korean native (Hanwoo) steers to observe the effect of mixed oil and monensin supplementation and duration of feeding on c9,t11-CLA content in plasma and fat tissues. The steers were randomly assigned to three groups of eight animals each according to body weight. Hanwoo steers in the control group were fed the commercial concentrate for the late fattening stage. The other groups of steers were fed the same diet as control steers, but the concentrate was supplemented with high-$C_{18:2}$ oil mixture (soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil) and fish oil at 6% level of concentrate (DM basis), and monensin (20 ppm). The second and third group of steers was fed the oil mixture supplemented diet with monensin for the last 10 weeks and 20 weeks, respectively, prior to being slaughtered. The oil mixture consisted of 45% soybean oil, 20% sunflower oil, 20% safflower oil and 15% fish oil. Average daily gain (p<0.049) and feed efficiency (p<0.018) of the steers fed the diet supplemented with oil mixture and monensin (OM-M) for 20 weeks were higher than those of the other groups of steers. Dressing percent, fat thickness and longissimus muscle area were not affected by the OM-M supplementation and duration of its feeding. The OM-M supplementation increased the content of total-cholesterol (p<0.0001-0.0007) and HDL-cholesterol (p<0.0001) in the plasma of steers compared to the control diet. The steers fed the OM-M diet had a higher proportion of c9,t11-CLA in plasma (p<0.048-0.044) than the control steers. Feeding the OM-M diet for 20 weeks increased the proportion of CLA in intramuscular (p<0.015), intermuscular (p<0.039) and subcutaneous (p<0.001) fat tissues compared with both steers fed the control diet and the OM-M diet for 10 weeks. Increased (p<0.007) proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed the OM-M diet for 20 weeks compared to those in control steers was related to the increased (p<0.001) $C_{18:2}$ and decreased (p<0.001) $C_{18:0}$ proportions in subcutaneous tissue.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.91-114
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• 2007

With rapid economic development in China, cargoes from and to China are growing significantly. The 3 Northeast Provinces of China(named Liaoniang, Jilin, Heilongjiang provinces), bordering the Korean Peninsular, is not exception in development of international trade. However long distance from the 3 Northeast Provinces to seaports generates huge transit time and costs because Dalian port is far away almost 1,000km from Jilin and Heiloongjiang Provinces. The new intermodal transport route through the port of Jarubino located in the Russian Far East is under way to reduce the costs incurred from inland transport. This paper investigates the competitiveness of the new international intermodal transport route from the 3 Northeast Provinces in terms of transit time and transport costs. According to the results of this research, The establishment of the new international intermodal transport with development of Jarubino port is expected to increase the competitiveness of trade cargoes from the 3 Northeast Provinces while Korea has a good opportunity to join the port development in the Russian Far East. Futhermore the port of Busan is also benefited the growing transit cargoes from the new intermodal transport route.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.7 s.78
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

In order to be a hub-port in Northeast Asia, current China government has intensively invested in port development. Further, this development Project is significantly big scale, compared with those projects which Korea and Japan have. Thus, China is beginning to threaten Korean ports, especially Busan port which try to be a hub port in Northeast Asia. For this reason, recently many studies to evaluate competitiveness between Korean ports, especially Busan and Gwangyang, and Chinese ports have been conducted. In the mean time, implications of those pervious research has mainly been based on evaluation of port competitiveness using evaluation methodologies, such as AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process) and HFP(Hierarchical Fuzzy Process). However, as previous evaluation algorithms are methodologies that only calculate ranking of ports by competitiveness level, from the results of analysis, critical weak points affected current port competitiveness could not clearly fine out. That is, because there has not been any algorithm that can extract critical points from the evaluation results. The aim of this paper is to present critical points that affect port competitiveness using an algorithm based on IRFE(Inverse Relation of Fuzzy Evaluation), and scenario analysis, from previous results of evaluation of port competitiveness. And The research scope is to covey the subjective ports of Korea and China's 7 major ports (Busan, Gwangyang, Sanghai, Qingdao, Tienjin, Dalian and Kaoshuing). From analysis, it was found that critical weak point of Busan port is the level of hinterland including availability of free trade zone.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3239-3245
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• 2014

Background: College students are recommended as the target groups for catch-up human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Systematical exploration of awareness, acceptability, and decision-making factors of HPV vaccination among Chinese college students has been limited. Materials and Methods: A multi-center survey was conducted in mainland China between November 2011 and May 2012. College students aged 18-22 years were stratified by their grade, gender, and major for sampling. Socio-demographic and HPV-related information such as knowledge, perceptions, acceptability, and attitudes were collected through a questionnaire. Results: A total of 3,497 undergraduates completed the questionnaire, among which 1,686 were males. The acceptability of the HPV vaccine was high (70.8%). Undergraduates from high-level universities, at lower grade, or with greater prior knowledge of HPV vaccines showed higher acceptability of HPV vaccination ($p_{trend}$ <0.001). Additionally, undergraduates with vaccination experience outside the National Expanded Program on Immunization (OR=1.29; 95%CI: 1.10-1.51) or fear of HPV-related diseases (OR=2.79; 95%CI: 2.28-3.41) were more willing to accept HPV vaccination. General knowledge of HPV vaccine was low among undergraduates, and safety was a major concern (71.05%). The majority of students wished to pay less than 300RMB for HPV vaccine and chose the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as the most appropriate venue for vaccination. Conclusions: Although most undergraduates demonstrate positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, challenges pertaining to introduction exist in China. Corresponding proactive education and governmental subsidy to do so are urgently needed by this age-group population. Suggestions and potential strategies indicated may help shape the future HPV vaccination program in China.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2369-2378
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• 2012

Objectives: To assess knowledge of HPV and attitudes towards HPV vaccination among the general female population, government officials, and healthcare providers in China to assist the development of an effective national HPV vaccination program. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey was conducted across 21 urban and rural sites in China using a short questionnaire. 763 government officials, 760 healthcare providers, and 11,681 women aged 15-59 years were included in the final analysis. Data were analyzed using standard descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Knowledge of HPV among the general female population was low; only 24% had heard of HPV. Less than 20% of healthcare providers recognized sexually na$\ddot{i}$ve women as the most appropriate population for HPV vaccination. There was high acceptance of the HPV vaccine for all categories of respondents. Only 6% of women were willing to pay more than US $300 for the vaccine. Conclusions: Aggressive education is necessary to increase knowledge of HPV and its vaccine. Further proof of vaccine safety and efficacy and government subsidies combined with increased awareness could facilitate development and implementation of HPV vaccination in China.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to suggest a major strategy to become effective for each port in Northeast Asia by analyzing the relative efficiency of each port to determine the current level of efficiency, efficient harbors plan. Individual port of the major 16 ports in Northeast Asia was analysed targeting efficiency and relative efficiency. In this study, DEA technique was used. Of the DEA model, CCR (constant returns to scale) models and BCC (variable return to scale) model was applied to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of the port. Then the efficiency measured through CCR model is again compared with the efficiency measured by the BCC model. In this way, the empirical analysis includes the input factors of the operating ports such as the number of berths, wharf, depth, total area of the pier, C / C numbers and output elements includes the container throughput. The results of the study show that most of the ports in China is efficient whereas those in Korea and Japan are relatively inefficient. There are some pairs of ports which has the similar input factors, like Busan port and Shanghai port, Lianyungang port and Incheon port, Dalian port and Gwangyang port, but the container throughput of them has a huge difference.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.471-477
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• 2000

Corrosion behavior of Fe-Ni-Cr alloy in molten salts of LiCl and LiCl-$Li_2O was investigated in the tempera-ture range of $650~850^{\circ}C$. In the molten salt of LiCl, and internal oxidation of Fe occurred in the KSA(Kaeri Superalloy)-1 alloy without containing Cr, while a dense protective oxide scale of $LiCrO_2$ was formed in the KSA-4, Incoloy 800H and KSA-5 alloys. In the mixed molten salt of LiCl-$Li_2O$, internal oxidation of Fe and Cr took place in the KSA-1 and KSA-4 alloys, respectively. Non-protective porous oxide scales consisting of $LiCrO_2$ and Ni were formed in the Incoloy 800H and KSA-5. The corrosion rate of the alloys increased with the increase in Cr content and the corrosion rate followed the parabolic law for the alloy containing Cr content less than 8%, and the linear law for the alloy containing Cr content more than 8%. Such a corrosion behavior of the alloy in the mixed molten salt of LiCl-$Li_2O$ was interpreted in terms of the basic fluxing mechanism of protective oxide scale of $Cr_2O_3$.