• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by inappropriate prescription are responsible for major socioeconomic loss. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) has been recognized as a major part of ADRs and, therefore, healthcare professionals should prevent possible DDIs to minimize preventable ADRs. This study aimed to examine DDI information in drug information references and Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) drug labeling information. Drug ingredients from the formulary of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea (HIRA) were included for the study. DDI information source used for the study were Micromedex Drugdex and Drug Information Facts (DIF) with the DDI severity level of "moderate" or more. The DDI information in KFDA drug labeling were collected and compared. Drug ingredients were classified with KFDA Drug Classification and ATC Classification of WHO for the analysis. Among the total 1,355 drug ingredients satisfying inclusion criteria, 738 ingredients involved at least one DDI, which was described in Micromedex and/or DIF. Drug Ingredients of 176 involved DDI only described in KFDA drug labeling, but not Micromedex nor DIF. Drug ingredients of 35 which DDIs were described in Micromedex or DIF did not have DDI based on KFDA drug labeling. Micromedex and DIF retrieved 7,582 and 3,071 DDIs, respectively 57.6% and 58.5% of DDIs were also described in KFDA drug labeling. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cardiovascular system (CVS) drugs and the antiinfectives appeared to have higher frequency of DDIs among all drug classes. The highest number of DDIs with high severity level ("contraindicated" or "major") were the DDIs of CNS drugs. The antiinfectives are the second drug group having serious DDIs. The DDI pairs of the CNS drug and the antiinfective had the highest contraindication risk (13.6%). DDI information from Micromedex and DIF were not consistent with the result that only 465 ingredients' DDIs are common in both literature (total DDI numbers were 715 vs 488, respectively). And 1,652 DDI information are common in both references among 7,582 vs 3,071 DDIs, respectively. Only 55.2% of DDI information in the database contained in the KFDA drug labeling. Prescribers and pharmacists should pay attention to the drugs for CV system, CNS and infections because of higher risk of possible DDIs compared to other drug classes. KFDA drug labeling is not likely to be recommended as a good information source for DDI due to significant inconsistency of information. Drug information providers should be aware that DDI information from different sources are not consistent and therefore multiple references should be used.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.391-401
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• 2010

A reduction in risk of occupational exposure to chemical hazards within the workplace has been the focus of attention both through industry initiatives and legislation. The aims of this study were to develop an exposure matrix by industry and process, and to apply this matrix to control the risk of occupational exposure to Dichloromethane (DCM). The exposure matrix is a tool to convert information on industry and process into information on occupational risk. The exposure matrix comprised industries and processes involving DCM, based on an exposure database provided by KOSHA (the Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency), which was gathered from a workplace hazards evaluation program in Korea. The risk assessment of the exposure matrix was performed using Hallmark risk assessment tool. The results of the risk assessment were indicated by a Danger Value (DV) calculated from the combination of hazard rating (HR), duration of use rating (DUR), and risk probability rating (RPR) of exposure to the chemical, and were divided into four control bands which were related to control measures. The applicability of the risk assessment of the exposure matrix was evaluated by a field study, and survey of the employees of the exposure matrix groups. Among 45 industries examined, this study found that greater attention should be paid to two industries: the manufacture of other optical instruments and photographic equipment, and the manufacture of printing ink, and to one process among 47 examined, the packing process in the manufacture of printing ink, because these were regarded as carrying the highest risk. This tool of a risk assessment for the exposure matrix can be applied as a general exposure information system for hazard control, risk quantification, setting the occupational exposure limit, and hazard surveillance. The exposure matrix includes workforce data, and it provides information on the numbers of exposed workers in Korea by agent, occupation, and level of exposure and risk.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.395-406
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in kinematic and kinetic parameters of lower extremity joint according to rehabilitation period. Fourteen collegiate male athletes(age: $22.1{\pm}1.35$ years, height: $182.46{\pm}9.45cm$, weight: $88.63{\pm}9.25kg$) and fourteen collegiate athletes on functional ankle instability(age: $21.5{\pm}1.35$ years, height: $184.45{\pm}9.42cm$, weight: $92.85{\pm}10.85kg$) with the right leg as dominant were chosen. The subjects performed drop landing. The date were collected by using VICON with 8 camera to analyze kinematic variables and force platform to analyze kinetic variables. There are two approaches of this study, one is to compare between groups, the other is to find changes of lower extremity joint after rehabilitation. In comparison to the control group, FAI group showed more increased PF & Inversion at IC and decreased full ROM when drop landing. Regarding the peak force and loading rate, it resulted in higher PVGRF and loading. FAI group used more increased knee and hip ROM because of decreased ankle ROM to absorb the shock. And it used sagittal movement to stabilize. In terms of rehabilitation period, FAI group showed that landing patterns were changed and it increased total ankle excursion and used all lower extremity joint close to normal ankle. Regarding the peak force and loading rate, FAI group decreased PVGRF and loading rate. and also showed shock absorption using increased ankle movement. And COP variable showed that proprioception training increased stability during 8 weeks. The results of this study suggest that 8 weeks rehabilitation period is worthwhile to be considered as a way to improve neuromuscular control and to prevent sports injuries.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2001

E coli O157:H7은 식품과 물에 의해서 전염되는 식중독균으로서 이들의 생성하는 vero toxin 이 장관의 상피세포내로 침입되어 질병을 유발시키게 된다. 또한 E coli O157:H7 이 체내에 감염되기 위해서는 유산균과 마찬가지로 장상피세포에 정착하여야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비피더스균이 E. coli O157:H7의 생육 및 정착에 대해서 억제효과가 있는지를 파악하기 위해서 비피더스균과 E. coli O157:H7을 혼합 배양했을 때의 억제 효과 비피더스균의 Caco-2 세포 정착에 따른 억제 효과 등을 조사하였다. B infantis K9 균주와 E. coli O157:H7을 단독 또는 혼합배양하면서 배양시간에따른 pH 균수 암모니아 함량을 측정하였다. 그결과 배양시간이 결과되어 B infantis K9 균주에 의해서 산성물질이 생성되면서 E. coli O157:H7의 균수는 급격히 감소되는것으로 나타났다. 한편 암모니아 함량은 E. coli O157:H7 단독배양 시료에 비해서 혼합배양 시료에서 8시간 이후부터 감소되는 것으로 볼때 비피더스 균 E. coli O157:H7이 생성하는 암모니아를 이용하는것으로 확인되었다.B infantis K9 균주와 E. coli O.157:H7 P4 균주를 정착시기를 달리하여 Caco-2 세포에 혼합 정착시켰을 때 B. onfantis K9 균준느 정착시기에 상관없이 유사한 정착율을 나타냈다. 반면에 B infantis K9 균주가 2시간 전에 미리 정착되어 있을 때에는 E. coli O157: HP P4 균주의 정착율이 2.6%에서 1.86%로 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 비피더스균의 E coli O157:H7에 대한 생육 및 정착 억제를 검토한 결과 생육억제효과는 비피더스균에 의해서 생성된 산성물질 에 의해서 pH4.40 이하 일때 저해 효과를 보였으며 비피더스균과 E. coli O157:H7 이 정착 부위를 동일하게 이용하지만 비피더스균이 우선적으로 정착이 되었을 때 E. coli O157:H7의 정착율이 저하되는 결과를 나타냈다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.891-896
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• 2008

피자두와 후무사로 만든 자두와인 내 총 페놀화합물과 플라보노이드 함량을 비교분석한 결과, 총 페놀화합물은 피자두 와인 ($478.4{\pm}5.6\;mg/L$)이 후무사 와인 ($200.6{\pm}7.5\;mg/L$)보다 2배, 플라보노이드 함량은 피자두 와인 ($202.4{\pm}7.5\;mg/L$)이 후무사 와인 ($64.4{\pm}6.8\;mg/L$)보다 3배 이상 많았다. 자두와인 자체의 항산화 효과를 DPPH 전자공여능으로 비교분석하였을 때 정제된 페놀화합물보다 그 활성이 크게 낮았으나, ethyl acetate로 추출한 중성 페놀화합물과 산성 페놀화합물의 항산화 활성은 mg/mL의 농도에서 정제된 페놀화합물과 비슷하게 나타났다. 특히, 중성페놀화합물의 경우, $100{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 64.5%의 전자공여능을 나타내었는데 이는 동일 농도의 정제된 페놀화합물(chlorogenic acid 15.5%, quercetin 24.6%)의 활성보다 3배 이상 높은 값이었다. vero cell에 돼지설사바이러스(PEDV)를 감염시켜 페놀화합물의 항바이러스 활성을 분석한 결과 중성 페놀화합물이 저농도 ($10\;{\mu}g/mL$이하)에서 상용 항바이러스제인 ribavirin보다 세포독성효과 (CPE)를 더 억제시키는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종류의 페놀화합물간에는 중성 페놀화합물이 산성 페놀화합물에 비해 최대 1.5배 정도 더 높은 항바이러스 활성을 보여주었다. 그러나, 고농도 ($100\;{\mu}g/mL$)에서는 ribavirin이 페놀화합물보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 정상세포에 대한 세포독성은 모든 실험군에서 나타나지 않아 페놀화합물의 항바이러스 활성이 바이러스 특이적인 효과임을 알 수 있었다.

• 복식
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• 제26권
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• pp.175-206
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• 1995

The costume culture of China is as old and varied as her long history. As China is a multiracial nation and consists of fifty-six min-ority races including Han race, there are not only fifty-six different costumes in China but each races' costume habit is very different. Therefore, Chinese penninsula can be considered an enor-mous exhibition center of the costumes. This study undertook on the assumption that the costumes' mainstream of Korea and east-northern Asia as well as that of China could be examined by investigating the minority races' costumes in the east-and west-northern areas of China. The process of evolution of the costume of a particular people, country or area is subject not only to constraints related to geography such as climate, topography or local products but is also affected by numorous environmental influences including cultural, economic, social and even pol-itical ones in terms of the selection of material, styling, color and standard of tailoring. In other words, things like philosophy of life, religious be-lief, aesthetic outlook, moral code, class system, degree of affluence, and cultural exchange will all be reflected directly or indirectly by features of a people's or country's style costume. Of course, there are several factors affecting to the style of costume of the minority people in China. However, the only three factors-geo-graphical and environmental, production method, and religious belef-will be touched in this study. First of all, the geograghical and eenviron-mental factor would be the decisive one because the costume should be designed to overcome the constraints of climate and geographical environ-ments. Accordingly, each race has an unique style of costume. The costume of the minority races in the northern parts are loose and wide, and made of warm furs. For instance, Mongolian robe has the quality of anti-wind, anti-cold and warmness, and the width of a sleeve is narrow and long. Secondly, the costume style can be said to be limited by the production pattern, when the geo-graphical environment was affected to decide the costume style, the production pattern was together affected to it . In case of Mongolian robe, they should satisfy the dual condition as the practical function. One is the condition that they should be fitted to the climate, and the other is the condition that they should be suit-able to the nomadic life. Mongolian robes are suitable to the nomadic peoples because they are designed for not only overcoming the cold wind and weather but being used as the bedquit at night. The costumes of Hoche people was made of the skin of the fish and wild animals because of their main means of living being fishing and hunting. Accordingly, their costumes are dur-able, warm and water-proof. Finally, the style of the costume is affected by the religious belief. In other words, the pattern in fashion is closely related with the religious be-lief or ancestor worship and nature worship. Ac-cordingly, the symbols of these worship are often emerged in the decoration of the costume. The design of costume of the people in the northern areas of China is very simple. It is related with their monotheism. On the other hand, the costumes of twen쇼 minority races in the east-northern parts of China can be devided into three racial groups such as the long robes of Man people and Mongols, Tunics of the peoples in the west-northern areas, and the pants and jackets of Hoche people. The minorority races all has not only the unique costume habit but their costumes are also related with their living style and production means.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제7호
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• pp.37-64
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• 2009

The theories of Korean Public Art originated by the artists who were against dictatorship and they associated with democratic politicians. They criticized the Fine art that were supported by the dictatorship and gave their efforts for restoration of 'resistance paintings(against dictatorship)', 'proletarian painting', 'realism painting'. In addition, they participated new social ideology(democracy) movement and demonstrated for their rights in arts. These became the main kernel the public art theory was initiated. The public artists splitted into several different parts and participated in the democratic social movement as well as the art movement for freedom. They opened various art exhibitions within different genre, diverse space for various art section such as an exhibition hall, a factories, a university, or a congregation square. Furthermore, the public art theorists published their divergent views through newspaper/broadcasting or unauthorized printed materials. Most of the public artist and the theorists kept their relationship strongly until 1985, the time when 'National Arts Association' started. In 1983 and 1984, they were clearly separated into two parts; artists(move only in art museums) and activists(move in public spaces like school, convention square etc). Their ideological separation also took out national problems. The division; professional artists and armatures, became the social issue as a social stratification matter. And in creating method, there are also other conflicts; critical realism, and public realism as well as western painting and traditional one. These kinds of separation and conflicts made different Public artists associations, under divergent names; 'Reality and Speak'(R&S), 'KwangJu Art Association', 'Durung', 'Dang(Land)', and 'Local Youth Students Association'. In addition, their ideology and pursuit toward art movements were very difference. However, the differences and conflicts weakened When the oppression of democratic education from new dictatorship(Pres. Jun, Doo Hwan) came out. In August. 1985 the government opened to the public so called, 'The draft of School stabilization law'(Hankwon Anjung Bup) to control the teachers' rights and that initiated bigger street demonstration and conflicts between police and educators. In November.1985, assembly meeting of National Arts Association in democracy opened as 'ONE' combined organization. In this presentation, I'd like to summarize the stream of art movement until 1984, and clarify the main art theories that lead the Public Art Movements in 1980s. The main theories in 1980s are crucial because they become the origin of public art theories. This presentation started with O,youn's "Hyunsil Dong In the first declaration" and explained the absent of practice in 1970s. In addition, Won, Dong Suk 's theory was mentioned as all over struggles in theories before 1980s. GA and R&S 's founding declarations in 1970s were the start of public art theorists' activities and this article reported the activities after the declarations. First, realism base on the consciousness of reality. Second, practice art democratization based on the ideology. Third, the subject of public art movement based on understanding people's social stratification structure. Fourth, the matters of national forms and creative ways in arts based on showing reality. Fifth, the strong points in arts that the practitioners accepted. About the public art theories around 1984, I discussed the dividing point of public art theories that were shown in 'generation theory', 'organization theory', and 'popularization theory' by the practitioners. The public realism theory that subjects the contradiction of reality and point out the limits of critical realism not only showing the new creative ways but also giving the feeling of solidarity to the public art activist groups. After that, public art movements expressed 'Dismentlement of Capitalism' and 'Public revolution'. In addition, the direction of public art movements were established strongly. There were various opinions and views during the start and formation of the public art theories. The foundation of theorists activities derived from the practitioners who had the concept based on stratification and nationalism. The strong trend of group division spreaded out by practitioners who opened art work together in factories, universities, squares and rural areas. Now many lively active practitioners are gone to the other field not related with arts, and others join into professional art field not public art one with unknown reason. The theorists have the same situation with the practitioners. It means to me that theory always have to be based on the practice.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.413-418
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• 1997

순천향대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실에서는 1992년 1월부터 1996년 6월까지 불안정 흉벽손상으로 지속적 인공호흡법의 치료를 받은 22례와 내적 늑골고정 술을 받은 15례를 대상으로 하여 비교분석하였 다. 환자의 나이는 지속적 인공호흡군이 평균 $43.4\pm16.4세었고수술정복군이$ 평균 $40.9\pm13.8세었으$ 며, 성 비는 지속적 인공호흡군이 6.3 : 1, 수술정복군이 6.5 : 1으로 두 군 모두 사회활동이 활발한 30,40 대 남자에서 많은 분포를 보였으며 두 군간에 현저한 차이는 없었다. 늑골골절 수는 지속적 인공호홉군이 평균 $8.7\pm2.3개,$ 수술정복군이 평균 $7.5\pm2.5개로$ 두 군간에는 통계학적 차이가 없었으며(p=0.3129) 동 반된 흉막, 폐장 및 심장의 손상정도가 두 군간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 인공호흡기의 사용기간은 지속 적 인공호흡군이 $8.7\pm3.3일,$ 수술정복군이 $5.7\pm1.7일으로$ 두 군간에는 통계학적 유의성이 있었으며 (p=0.0134),중환자실의 입원기간은 지속적 인공호흡군이 $13.2\pm4.1일,수술정복군이$ 8.3그3.9일으로두 군간에 의미있는 차이가 있었다(p=0.0175). 합병증은 지속적 인공호흡군이 무기폐 7례(31.8%), 폐렴 4 례(18.2%), 농흉 2례(9.1%) 및 인공호흡과 관련된 합병증 3례(1).6% ; 기흉 2례, 외상후 폐기종 1례)가 있었으며,수술정복군은 무기폐 3례(20.0%),폐렴 1례(6.7%),수술창의 문제 2례(12.3%; 감염 1례,파열 I례) 및 인공호흡과 관련된 기흉 1례(6.7%)가 발생되어 지속적 인공호흡군이 수술정복군보다 합병증의 발생이 많았다 사망은 지속적 인공호흉군이 5명(22.7%),수술정복군이 2명(13.3%)으로 지속적 인공호 흡군에서 사망율이 높았다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1990

This is a study which attempt to analyze changing patierns of economic active popu-lation, t o estimato- future patterns, and exa- mine vartons problems arises by changing c ire u mst ances of t he labor force market in- clunging soici al, economic ic, heathl th and demoi-graph ic aspects. We have constructed series of wotking life table which are useful in syt uiolyioig the lirocess of growth and structural change of labor force. Work i ng life tables represent ihie life eyele of econrmic' activity in hi ypothetical cohorts, that is. gen-erat i on of men Sn bject at eat' b period ot f their lives th given ra to's o mor tali it y and of par-- tici pation in economic activities. The tabloes prot' ide measorues of the alvet'age he ng t able of economically aeti \- e life. and agespecific rates of en trannee' into and retirement from the hahn' force. In const routing working life tables, age-specific activity rates and life tabole popula- titoto which represents contemporary condi-tions of moortality in Korea au'e the basic' maltoerials. We have derived the age-specific rates foorm economically active population survey, whoich were conducted by the Bureau of Statistics, Economic Planning Borard of the Korean government. Working life tables are constructed for men wtable these materi- als in the year of 1970, 1980 and 1988 by a modified Wolfbein-Wool's method. Some of the findings may be summerized as follow : 1) A central part of constructing working life table is calculation of stationary' economic active population, which represents the number of men in the stationtary population extoected to be in the labor force at each age group in the life span. The stationary economic active population by age have generally a universal pattern, where they rise sharply in the early twenties, approach its' peak in the thirties decline thereafter. at first graolually and then more rapidly at an advanced age. Korean men show the same general pa ttern of age distribution of stationary eco-- nomic active population with sharp increase hegining from the age interval of 20 to 24, reaching to maximum level at older age. The population. however, presumably, increased substantially due to increaseing school atte endance rates. Another difference exiSts in the youngest age groups, that is the activity rate in the year of 1988 is lower than that of Japan. The table shows an analysis of changes in the age distrihution of labor force between 1970, 1980 and 1988. 2) It was shown an analysis of changes in the age distribution and cause of separation from labor force. The entrance rate to labor force has increased from 18~\5 persons to 299 persons per 1000 head of stationary population between that of 1980 than that of 1988 for Korean men in 20~24 age group. The entrace rate to labor force shows a rapid entrance appearance concentrated on the 15~24 age group. The separation rate from labor force by retirment in Korea in the year of 1988 shows a great difference of the about four times as much as that of Japan. 3) The functions of table illustrate the patterns of working life of males in Korea in 1970, 1980 and 1988. The average remaining number of economically active years, e at age 15 in 1988 is 46.39 which is 2.12 years of increase compared with that of at age 15 in 1970,1980 and 1988 are 43.90,44.27 and 46.39 respectively, showing steadily increase dur- ing the past double decade the increase in the length of economically active life various age may be considered to have come both from extention of general life expectancy and from increasing entrance rate to economic activity in high age that of working is far greater in 1988 than that of 1980. The gaps between expectation of life and average remaining years of economically active widened due to rapid improvement of mortality level in Ko- rea. This observation together with the population pressure by the appearance of a group of younger population implies that constant increase of economically inactive population among older age group.