• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.141-152
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• 2002

많은 구성방정식들이 탄성, 소성, 그리고 동적응답 특성을 지닌 지반재료의 거동 특성을 규명하기 위하여 제안되어 왔다. 그러나 암반의 절리면 또는 접촉면의 주기 전단 거동특성을 정의 할 수 있는 수치해석 모델의 개발은 미진하였다. 이런 실제적인 구성 방정식 모델은 동 하중하의 암반 절리면의 거동을 예측하고 해석하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 거친 화강암 절리면의 거동특성을 모델링 할 수 있도록 수정된 구성방정식 모델의 적용성을 검토하는데 있다. 교란상태 개념(DSC) 모델은 이미 다른 접촉면 거동 모델링을 통해서 그 신뢰성을 검증 받아왔다. 이 모델을 암반 절리면 거동 특성에 맞도록 수정한 후에, 주기전단 시험 결과 및 Plesha모델의 해석 결과를 이용하여 DSC모델의 절리면 주기 전단 특성에 대한 적용성을 비교.검토하고자 한다. 본 연구결과로부터 DSC모델은 동하중하의 거친 화강암 절리면의 주기전단 거동특성을 규명할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.239-246
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• 2000

It has been generally much fine contents in West Coast of Korea. When cyclic shear stress causing liquefaction was estimated as using cyclic triaxial tests in these grounds, it didn't appear linear relations between deviator stress and confining stress where σ'₃ was more than 150 kpa. Namely, due to no normalization of cyclic shear stress ratio, the errors of this is increased. Therefore, more confining stress is increased, more increment of deviator stress is decreased. So, using linear relations between tanø'/sub d/ of dynamic internal friction angle and CSR where σ'₃ was less than 150 kpa, liquefaction of these grounds was evaluated. Also, as doing detail evaluation which had carried response analysis of earthquake, this appeared good results which was well compatible with empirical methods using N-value of SPT. It was thought that these result evaluated vulnerable liquefaction area more correct than existing methods. Also, characteristics of liquefaction in West Coast grounds was compared with clean sands, with analysis of behavior of pore pressure ratio and axial strain affected by fine contents, as cyclic loading was applied.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.529-536
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• 2005

Based on an estimating method for post-cyclic strength and stiffness with cyclic triaxial tests, Direct Simple Shear (DSS) tests were carried out to confirm whether the method can be adapted to DSS test on fine-grained soils: silty clay, plastic silt, and non-plastic silt. Results from post-cyclic DSS tests were interpreted by a modified method as adopted for post-cyclic triaxial tests. In particular, influence of plasticity index for fine-grained soils was emphasised. Findings obtained from the present study are: (i) the higher the plasticity index of fine-grained soils is, the less not stiffness ratio but strength ratio decreases with increment of a normalised excess pore water pressure; and (ii) post-cyclic strength and stiffness results from DSS tests agree well with those predicted by the method modified from a procedure used for triaxial test results.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.49-58
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• 1984

연약점토(軟弱粘土)(방콕)의 주기적(週期的) 반복하중(反復荷重)에 의(依)한 거동(擧動)을 구명(糾明)하기 위하여 부교란시료(不攪亂試料)에 대(對)한 일련(一連)의 반복하중(反復荷重)을 이용(利用)한 삼축압축시험(三軸壓縮試驗)을 시도(試圖)했다. 본(本)시험(試驗)은 포속압력(抱束壓力) 및 초기전단응력(初期剪斷應力)을 변화(變化)시켜 가면서 점토(粘土)의 전단변형(剪斷變形), 강도변화(强度變化) 등(等)을 조사(調査) 비교(比較)한다. 그 결과(結果) 초기전단응력(初期剪斷應力)이 증가(增加)함으로써 응력(應力)-변형곡선(變形曲線)은 적은 변화(變化)를 보였고, 반복하중(反復荷重)에 의(依)한 강도변화(强度變化)는 응력비(應力比)로 표현(表現)될 때 포속압력(抱束壓力)이 $1.0kgf/cm^2$이었을 때 더 컸으며, 축차응력(逐差應力)으로 표현(表現)될 경우(境遇)는 포속압력(抱束壓力)이 $1.5kgf/cm^2$이었을 때 크게 나타났다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.142-151
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• 1993

In this study, the deformation characteristics of atrtificially fractured joints of granite under normal and shear loading were investigated. To obtain the characteristics of joint deformation, compression and shear tests were performed in the laboratory on three different sizes of rock specimens. The rock used in the experimens was Iksan granite. Joints were produced artificially by fracturing using the apparatus for generating extension-joint. Joint normal deformability was studied by conducting cyclic loading tests on the joints. Joint closure varied non-linearly with normal stress through cyclic loadings. As normal stress increased, the joints gradually reached a state of maximum joint closure. The relation between normal stress and joint closure for mated and unmated joints was well described by the hyperbolic and exponential function, respectively. Joint shear deformability was studied by performing direct shear tests under normal stresses on the joints. it was shown that the behaviour in the prepeak range was non-linear and joint shear stiffness depended on the size of specimen and the normal stress.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.383-407
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• 2012

A numerical approach to simulate the behaviour of timber shear walls under both static and dynamic loading is proposed. Because the behaviour of timber shear walls hinges on the behaviour of the nail connections, the force-displacement behaviour of sheathing-to-framing nail connections are first determined and then used to define the hysteretic properties of finite elements representing these connections. The model nails are subsequently implemented into model walls. The model walls are verified using experimental results for both monotonic and cyclic loading. It is demonstrated that the complex hysteretic behaviour of timber shear walls can be reasonably represented using model shear walls in which nonlinear material failure is concentrated only at the sheathing-to-framing nail connections.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2019

Since behaviors of loose, dense, silty sands vary under seismic loading, understanding the liquefaction mechanism of sandy soils continues to be an important challenges of geotechnical earthquake engineering. In this study, 36 deformation controlled cyclic simple shear tests were performed and the liquefaction potential of the sands was investigated using three different relative densities (40, 55, 70%), four different effective stresses (25, 50, 100, 150 kPa) and three different shear strain amplitudes (2, 3.5, 5%) by using energy based approach. Experiments revealed the relationship between per unit volume dissipated energy with effective stress, relative density and shear strain. The dissipate energy per unit volume was much less affected by shear strain than effective stress and relative density. In other words, the dissipated energy is strongly dependent on relative density and effective stress. These results show that the dissipated energy per unit volume is very useful and may contain the non-uniform loading conditions of the earthquake spectrum. When multiple regression analysis is performed on experiment results, a relationship is proposed that gives liquefaction energy of sandy soils depending on relative density and effective stress parameters.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2019

The aim of the present paper is to present the cyclic behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete shear wall test specimen, which was reinforced with cold drawn welded wire mesh fabric. Two reinforced concrete shear wall specimens have been tested in the present study. The walls were tested under reversed cyclic loading with loading applied near the tip of the walls. The control wall is tested in its original state to serve as a baseline for the evaluation of the repair and strengthening techniques. The two test specimens include a control wall and a repaired wall. The control wall test specimen was designed and detailed to simulate non-ductile reinforced concrete shear walls that do not meet the modern seismic provisions. The response of the original wall was associated with the brittle failure. The control shear wall was repaired by addition of the reinforcements and the concrete and then it was reloaded. The effectiveness of the repair technique was investigated. Test results indicate that there can be a near full restoration of the walls' strength. The data from this test, augmenting other data available in the literature, will be useful in calibrating improved analytical methods as they are developed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.35-50
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• 2021

Eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are utilized as a lateral resisting system in high seismic zones. Links are the primary source of energy dissipation and they are exposed to high deformation, which may lead to buckling. Web stiffeners were introduced to prevent buckling of shear link. AISC 341 provides the required vertical stiffeners for a shear link. In this study, different stiffener configurations were examined. The main objective is to improve the behavior of short links using different stiffener configurations. Pursuant to this goal, a comprehensive numerical study is conducted using ABAQUS. Shear links with different stiffener configurations were subjected to cyclic loading using loading protocol mandated by AISC 341. The results are compared in terms of energy dissipation and shear capacities and rupture index. The proposed stiffener configurations were further verified with different link length ratios, I-shapes and thickness of stiffener. Based on the results, the stiffener configuration with two vertical and two diagonal stiffeners perpendicular to each other is recommended. The proposed stiffener configuration can increase the shear capacity, energy dissipation capacity and the ratio of energy/weight up to 27%, 38% and 30%, respectively. Detailing of the proposed stiffener configuration is presented.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Inelastic static pushover analysis has been used in the academic-research widely for seismic analysis of structures. Nowadays, the variety pushover analysis methods have been developed, including Modal pushover, Adaptive pushover, and Cyclic pushover, in which some weaknesses of the conventional pushover method have been rectified. In the conventional pushover analysis method, the effects of cumulative growth of cracks are not considered on the reduction of strength and stiffness of RC members that occur during earthquake or cyclic loading. Therefore, the Cyclic Pushover Analysis Method (CPA) has been proposed. This method is a powerful technique for seismic evaluation of regular reinforced concrete buildings in which the first mode of them is dominant. Since the bridges have different structures than buildings, their results cannot necessarily be attributed to bridges, and more research is needed. In this study, a cyclic pushover analysis with four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) by the Opensees software was conducted for seismic evaluation of two regular reinforce concrete bridges. The modeling method was validated with the comparison of the analytical and experimental results under both cyclic and dynamic loading. The failure mode of the piers was considered in two-mode of flexural failure and also a flexural-shear failure. Along with the cyclic analysis, conventional analysis has been studied. Also, the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. The time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used to conduct IDA. After analysis, the base shear vs. displacement in the middle of the deck was drawn. The obtained results show that the cyclic pushover analysis method is able to evaluate an accurate seismic behavior of the reinforced concrete piers of the bridges. Based on the results, the cyclic pushover has proper convergence with IDA. Its accuracy was much higher than the conventional pushover, in which the bridge piers failed in flexural-shear mode. But, in the flexural failure mode, the results of each two pushover methods were close approximately. Besides, the cyclic pushover method with ACI loading protocol, and ATC-24 loading protocol, can provided more accurate results for evaluating the seismic investigation of the bridges, specially if the bridge piers are failed in flexural-shear failure mode.