• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2022

When a large-scale cyber attack or terrorism occurs and the country suffers enormous damage or poses a fatal threat to security, social interest in nurturing cybersecurity workforce increases. In addition, the government often suggests policies and guideline to train cybersecurity workforce. However, the system that can systematically manage trained cyber workforce after they are employed in related organizations or companies is still weak. Software workforce has a standardized qualification level model, so appropriate jobs are set and managed for each level. Cyber workforce also need a specialized qualification level model that takes into account their career, academic background, and education&training performance. By assigning a qualification level, the duties that can be performed for each level should be set, and the position and duty of the department should also be assigned in consideration of the level. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a qualification level model for cyber security workforce.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1953-1967
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• 2024

Lately, there has been a notable surge in the defense industry's efforts to develop highly advanced intelligent systems. These systems encompass sophisticated computing platforms that boast an impressive level of autonomy. However, it's important to acknowledge that these very systems are not impervious to vulnerabilities stemming from both hardware and software tampering. Within the context of this discourse, our focus of the survey is directed towards the hardware security module. This component stands out for its capability to offer a significantly heightened level of protection when compared to conventional software-based techniques. Through the lens of this paper, we embark on a comprehensive survey of Trusted Platform Module (TPM), a hardware security module, shedding light on its potential to fortify the defense against threats that emerge from various vectors of attack.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.2_2
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• pp.333-341
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• 2020

In this paper, we introduce a smart city-cyber-security-grid-matrix methodology, as a result of research on overall cyber security of smart cities. The identified cyber security risks that threaten smart cities and smart-city-cyber-security-threat list are presented. The smart-city-cyber-security-requirements necessary to secure the smart city cyber security with the developed smart city-cyber-security-grid-matrix are given in this paper. We show how the developed smart city-cyber-security-grid-matrix methodology can be applied to real world. For it, we interlocked the developed smart city-cyber-security-grid-matrix methodology with the cyber-security-framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and developed a framework-based smart city-cyber-security-grid-matrix. Using it, it is easy and comfortable to check the level of cyber security of the target smart ciy at a glace, and the construction and operation of the smart city security system is systematized.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1205-1212
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• 2022

Cyber threat targeting ICS (Industrial Control System) has indicated drastic increases over the past decade and Cyber Incident in Critical Infrastructure such as Energy, Gas Terminal and Petrochemical industries can lead to disaster-level accidents including casualties and large-scale fires. In order to effectively respond to cyber attacks targeting ICS, a multi-layered defense-in-depth strategy considering Control System Architecture is necessary. In particular, the centralized security log system integrating OT (Operational Technology) and IT (Information Technology) plays an important role in the ICS incident response plan. The paper suggests the way of implementing centralized security log system that collects security events and logs using OPC Protocol from Level 0 to Level 5 based on IEC62443 Purdue Model to integrate ICS security logs with SIEM (Security Information Event Management) operated in IT environment.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.179-192
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• 2023

The widespread use of Cloud Computing, Internet of Things (IoT), and social media in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) field has resulted in continuous and unavoidable cyber-attacks on users and critical infrastructures worldwide. Traditional security measures such as firewalls and encryption systems are not effective in countering these sophisticated cyber-attacks. Therefore, Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) are necessary to reduce the risk to an absolute minimum. Although IDPSs can detect various types of cyber-attacks with high accuracy, their performance is limited by a high false alarm rate. This study proposes a new technique called Fuzzy Logic - Objective Risk Analysis (FLORA) that can significantly reduce false positive alarm rates and maintain a high level of security against serious cyber-attacks. The FLORA model has a high fuzzy accuracy rate of 90.11% and can predict vulnerabilities with a high level of certainty. It also has a mechanism for monitoring and recording digital forensic evidence which can be used in legal prosecution proceedings in different jurisdictions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 2024

The digitization of ship environments has increased the risk of cyberattacks on ships. The smartization and automation of ships are also likely to result in cyber threats. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has discussed the establishment of regulations at the autonomous level and has revised existing agreements by dividing autonomous ships into four stages, where stages 1 and 2 are for sailors who are boarding ships while stages 3 and 4 are for those not boarding ships. In this study, the level of a smart ship was classified into LEVELs (LVs) 1 to 3 based on the autonomous levels specified by the IMO. Furthermore, a risk assessment for smart ships at various LVs in different risk scenarios was conducted The cyber threats and vulnerabilities of smart ships were analyzed by dividing them into administrative, physical, and technical security; and mitigation measures for each security area were derived. A total of 22 cyber threats were identified for the cyber asset (target system). We inferred that the higher the level of a smart ship, the greater the hyper connectivity and the remote access to operational technology systems; consequently, the greater the attack surface. Therefore, it is necessary to apply mitigation measures using technical security controls in environments with high-level smart ships.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1179-1189
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• 2019

Cyber security evaluation is a series of processes that estimate the level of risk of assets and systems through asset analysis, threat analysis and vulnerability analysis and apply appropriate security measures. In order to prepare for increasing cyber attacks, systematic cyber security evaluation is required. Various indicators for measuring cyber security level such as CWSS and CVSS have been developed, but the quantitative method to apply appropriate security measures according to the risk priority through the standardized security evaluation result is insufficient. It is needed that an Scoring system taking into consideration the characteristics of the target assets, the applied environment, and the impact on the assets. In this paper, we propose a quantitative risk assessment model based on the analysis of existing cyber security scoring system and a method for quantification of assessment factors to apply to the established model. The level of qualitative attribute elements required for cyber security evaluation is expressed as a value through security requirement weight by AHP, threat influence, and vulnerability element applying probability. It is expected that the standardized cyber security evaluation system will be established by supplementing the limitations of the quantitative method of applying the statistical data through the proposed method.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.59-69
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• 2016

We proposed a specialized model of performance measurement to measure the training performance of the trainees in cyber practical training. Cyber security professionals are cultivating their expertise, skills, and competencies through cyber practical training in specialized education and training institutions. The our proposed process of trainee evaluation is consisted of an evaluation component discovery, evaluation item selection, evaluation index catalog, ratings and criteria decision, and calculation formula. The trainee evaluation is consisted of a formative evaluation during the training and an overall evaluation after finished training. Formative evaluation includes progress evaluation and participation evaluation, and overall evaluation includes practice evaluation and learning evaluation. The evaluation is weighted according to the importance of evaluation type. Because it is evaluated actual skills and abilities, competencies are assigned a high weight, while knowledge and attitudes are assigned a low weight. If cyber security trainees are evaluated by the proposed evaluation model, cyber security professionals can be cultivated by each skill and knowledge level and can be deployed by importance of security task.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.187-196
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• 2020

In order to manage information security risk, various information security level evaluation and information security management system certification have been conducted on a larger scale than ever. However, there are continuous cases of infringement of information protection for companies with excellent information security evaluation and companies with excellent information security management system certification. The existing information security risk management methodology identifies and analyzes risks by identifying information assets inside the information system. Existing information security risk management methodology lacks a review of where cyber threats come from and whether security devices are properly operated for each route. In order to improve the current risk management plan, it is necessary to look at where cyber threats come from and improve the containment level for each inflow section to absolutely reduce unnecessary cyber threats. In addition, it is essential to measure and improve the appropriate configuration and operational level of security equipment that is currently overlooked in the risk management methodology. It is necessary to block and enter cyber threats as much as possible, and to detect and respond to cyber threats that inevitably pass through open niches and use security devices. Therefore, this paper proposes additional evaluation items for evaluating the containment level against cyber threats in the ISMS-P authentication items and vulnerability analysis and evaluation items for major information and communication infrastructures, and evaluates the level of security equipment configuration for each inflow.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.123-133
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a Leveled Micro-Degree Job Competency Certification Model that considers the level of the job based on the job defined in the NCS. There is a mismatch of manpower due to the problem of university education that cannot keep up with the rapidly changing technological environment caused by the 4th Industrial Revolution. The Nano-Degree and Micro-Degree systems designed to solve this problem are used for job competency certification of cyber security personnel. NCS sub-categorized job field is defined as Micro-Degree and detailed job by ability unit is defined as Nano-Degree, the level of the ability unit defined by level is equally applied to the Micro-Degree. And it is a system that certifies the job competency corresponding to the degree-based university academic background. By applying this system to the curriculum of Cyber Security School, Yeungnam University College, we proposed a method to configure the Nano-Degree course based on NCS duties. The method proposed in this paper can be used as a method for verifying job competency of Nano-Degree and Micro-Degree, which are recently introduced by many universities.