• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.368-378
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• 2021

Purpose: When patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) undergo non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection requiring gastrectomy (NC-ESD-RG), additional medical resources and expenses are required for surgery. To reduce this burden, predictive model for NC-ESD-RG is required. Materials and Methods: Data from 2,997 patients undergoing ESD for 3,127 forceps biopsy-proven differentiated-type EGCs (2,345 and 782 in training and validation sets, respectively) were reviewed. Using the training set, the logistic stepwise regression analysis determined the independent predictors of NC-ESD-RG (NC-ESD other than cases with lateral resection margin involvement or piecemeal resection as the only non-curative factor). Using these predictors, a risk-scoring system for predicting NC-ESD-RG was developed. Performance of the predictive model was examined internally with the validation set. Results: Rate of NC-ESD-RG was 17.3%. Independent pre-ESD predictors for NC-ESD-RG included moderately differentiated or papillary EGC, large tumor size, proximal tumor location, lesion at greater curvature, elevated or depressed morphology, and presence of ulcers. A risk-score was assigned to each predictor of NC-ESD-RG. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting NC-ESD-RG was 0.672 in both training and validation sets. A risk-score of 5 points was the optimal cut-off value for predicting NC-ESD-RG, and the overall accuracy was 72.7%. As the total risk score increased, the predicted risk for NC-ESD-RG increased from 3.8% to 72.6%. Conclusions: We developed and validated a risk-scoring system for predicting NC-ESD-RG based on pre-ESD variables. Our risk-scoring system can facilitate informed consent and decision-making for preoperative treatment selection between ESD and surgery in patients with EGC.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.379-391
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• 2021

Purpose: Promoter DNA methylation of various genes has been associated with metachronous gastric cancer (MGC). The cancer-specific methylation gene, cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1), has been implicated in the occurrence of residual gastric cancer. We evaluated whether DNA methylation of CDO1 could be a predictive biomarker of MGC using specimens of MGC developing on scars after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Materials and Methods: CDO1 methylation values (TaqMeth values) were compared between 33 patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) with no confirmed metachronous lesions at >3 years after ESD (non-MGC: nMGC group) and 11 patients with MGC developing on scars after ESD (MGCSE groups: EGC at the first ESD [MGCSE-1 group], EGC at the second ESD for treating MGC developing on scars after ESD [MGCSE-2 group]). Each EGC specimen was measured at five locations (at tumor [T] and the 4-point tumor-adjacent noncancerous mucosa [TAM]). Results: In the nMGC group, the TaqMeth values for T were significantly higher than that for TAM (P=0.0006). In the MGCSE groups, TAM (MGCSE-1) exhibited significantly higher TaqMeth values than TAM (nMGC) (P<0.0001) and TAM (MGCSE-2) (P=0.0041), suggesting that TAM (MGCSE-1) exhibited CDO1 hypermethylation similar to T (P=0.3638). The area under the curve for discriminating the highest TaqMeth value of TAM (MGCSE-1) from that of TAM (nMGC) was 0.81, and using the cut-off value of 43.4, CDO1 hypermethylation effectively enriched the MGCSE groups (P<0.0001). Conclusions: CDO1 hypermethylation has been implicated in the occurrence of MGC, suggesting its potential as a promising MGC predictor.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.34
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• pp.323-351
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to reveal how Christian ideas are indicative of Theocentricity (God-centeredness) whereas Daesoon Jinrihoe ideas are indicative of anthropocentrism (human-centeredness). This task will be accomplished through comparing incarnation theology from the Bible and The Canonical Scripture. Both Christianity and Daesoon Jinrihoe affirm that there is another world above the human world that cannot be touched by human sense organs. And they both acknowledge a supreme deity who exists in that above world. Furthermore, they share the notion that the supreme deity came into the human world after being born from a woman. Where they depart is that in Christianity, this belief refers to Jesus, the one who was born in Bethlehem more than 2,000 years ago, whereas in Daesoon Jinrihoe, it is instead believed to be Kang Jeungsan (secular name: Kang Il-Sun) who was born in Gaekmang Village in Korea more than 100 years ago. The Christian God came to the human world as an atonement for humanity and died on the cross; The God of Daesoon Jinrihoe came to the human world to help mankind settle all enmities. To this end, he traveled through the realms of Heaven, Earth, and Humanity, to recalibrate the faulty Degree Numbers. The sin mentioned in Christianity means treachery against the supreme deity. It is implied that sin is not tolerated in the world of God. Due to this, the first man, Adam, was driven out of Eden after betraying God, and afterwards, there came to be an infranchissable boundary between the world of God and the world of man. By way of comparison the faulty Degree Numbers, mentioned in Daesoon Jinrihoe, were produced naturally. In other words, the faulty Degree Number existed not only in the human world, but also in the world of divinities, and those two worlds not only interact but also affect each other. Therefore, it can be said that the two worlds of Christianity are worlds in which order and systems are completely different, and that the two worlds of Daesoon Jinrihoe are worlds that operate under the same order and systems. Both explain via this two-part division to emphasize one part as more important than the other. Christianity regards the world of God as the ultimate source and ultimate concern of the human world and emphasizes the absolute faith and worship of God is the highest value in life. But Daesoon Jinrihoe, on the other hand, argues that the human world determines the value of the divine world, and that the co-prosperity of man and his surroundings are the core values of the human era (The Era of Human Nobility). Therefore, the root cause of Christianity's theocentricity is that among the two worlds that are completely cut off from one another, they believe in God's world as the ultimate source and purpose of the human world. The root cause of Daesoon Jinrihoe's anthropocentrism is that among the two worlds that interact and influence each other, they believe the human world determines the meaning of the divine world.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.100-105
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• 2021

Recently, all-solid-state batteries have attracted much attention to improve safety of rechargeable lithium batteries, but the solid-state batteries of conductive ceramics or solid polymer electrolytes show poor electrochemical properties because of several problems such as high interfacial resistance and undesired reactions. To solve the problems of the reported all-solid-state batteries, a hybrid solid electrolyte is suggested, in this study, NASICON-type nanoparticle Li_1.5Al_0.5Ti_1.5P₃O₁₂ (LATP) conductive ceramic, PVdF-HFP, and a carbonate-based liquid electrolyte were composited to prepare a quasi-solid electrolyte. The hybrid solid electrolyte has a high voltage stability of 5.6 V and shows an suppress effect of lithium dendrite growth in the stripping-plating test. The LiNi_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ (NCM811)-based battery with the hybrid solid electrolyte exhibits a high discharge capacity of 241.5 mAh/g at a high charge-cut-off voltage of 4.8V and stable electrochemical reaction. The NCM811-based battery also shows 139.4 mAh/g discharge capacity without short circuit or explosion at 90℃. Therefore, the LATP-based hybrid solid electrolyte can be an effective solution to improve the safety and electrochemical properties of rechargeable lithium batteries.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 2022

Objective : The most common complication of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is cage subsidence and maintenance of disc height affects postoperative clinical outcomes. We considered cage subsidence as an inappropriate indicator for evaluating preservation of disc height. Thus, this study aimed to consider patients with complications such as reduced total disc height compared to that before surgery and evaluate the relevance of several factors before ACDF. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 40 patients who underwent stand-alone single-level ACDF using a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage at our institution between January 2012 and December 2018. Our study population comprised 19 male and 21 female patients aged 24-70 years. The minimum follow-up period was 1 year. Twenty-seven patients had preoperative bone mineral density (BMD) data on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Clinical parameters included sex, age, body mass index, smoking history, and prior medical history. Radiologic parameters included the C2-7 cobb angle, segmental angle, sagittal vertical axis, disc height, and total intervertebral height (TIH) at the preoperative and postoperative periods. Cage decrement was defined as the reduction in TIH at the 6-month follow-up compared to preoperative TIH. To evaluate the bone quality, Hounsfield unit (HU) value was calculated in the axial and sagittal images of conventional computed tomography. Results : Lumbar BMD values and cervical HU values were significantly correlated (r=0.733, p<0.001). We divided the patients into two groups based on cage decrement, and 47.5% of the total patients were regarded as cage decrement. There were statistically significant differences in the parameters of measuring the HU value of the vertebra and intraoperative distraction between the two groups. Using these identified factors, we performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Based on the ROC curve, the cut-off point was 530 at the HU value of the upper cortical and cancellous vertebrae (p=0.014; area under the curve [AUC], 0.727; sensitivity, 94.7%; specificity, 42.9%) and 22.41 at intraoperative distraction (p=0.017; AUC, 0.722; sensitivity, 85.7%; specificity, 57.9%). Using this value, we converted these parameters into a bifurcated variable and assessed the multinomial regression analysis to evaluate the risk factors for cage decrement in ACDF. Intraoperative distraction and HU value of the upper vertebral body were independent factors of postoperative subsidence. Conclusion : Insufficient intraoperative distraction and low HU value showed a strong relationship with postoperative intervertebral height reduction following single stand-alone PEEK cage ACDF.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.782-785
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose a personalized cooling management system with thermal imaging camera. The proposed equipment uses a thermal imaging camera to control the amount of cold air and the system according to the difference between the user's skin temperature before and after the procedure. When the skin temperature is abnormally low, the cold air supply is cut off to prevent the possibility of a safety accident. It is economical by replacing the skin temperature sensor with a thermal imaging camera temperature measurement, and it can be visualized because the temperature can be checked with the thermal image. In addition, the proposed equipment improves the sensitivity of the sensor that measures the distance to the skin by calculating the focal length by using a dual laser pointer for the safety of a personalized cooling management system to which a thermal imaging camera is applied. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed equipment, it was tested in an externally accredited testing institute. The first measured temperature range was -100℃~-160℃, indicating a wider temperature range than -150~-160℃(cryo generation/USA), which is the highest level currently used in the field. In addition, the error was measured to be ±3.2%~±3.5%, which showed better results than ±5%(CRYOTOP/China), which is the highest level currently used in the field. The second measured distance accuracy was measured as below ±4.0%, which was superior to ±5%(CRYOTOP/China), which is the highest level currently used in the field. Third, the nitrogen consumption was confirmed to be less than 0.15 L/min at the maximum, which was superior to the highest level of 6 L/min(POLAR BEAR/USA) currently used in the field. Therefore, it was determined that the performance of the personalized cooling management system applied with the thermal imaging camera proposed in this paper was excellent.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

Purpose: As part of these efforts, in-depth research is needed on efficient and practical utilization of underground spaces and underground shopping malls. In addition, efforts are being made to find effective alternatives to various problems currently occurring in underground shopping malls, but it is not easy. In addition, the development entity and the maintenance entity are different from each other, and the management is not unified, making it difficult to maintain underground shopping malls. From this point of view, it can be said that it is time to actively and specifically discuss ways to revitalize underground shopping malls. Data and methodology: In the domestic distribution environment, traditional markets and shops are stagnating due to rapid changes in consumption patterns, such as the spread of large companies with advanced distribution techniques such as hypermarkets, shopping malls, and SCM, the rapid increase in Internet and home shopping, and the importance of convenience for young consumers. In order to revitalize underground shopping malls, it is necessary to strengthen the organization and self-rescue efforts of merchants' associations, change consciousness through merchant education, change to specialized markets, find nuclear stores and representative restaurants, and support the hardware sector. Results: The connection of underground shopping malls in each region of the country, where commercial districts are separated from each other, will also play an important role in reviving the function of the city in the future. To do this, it is first necessary to connect underground shopping malls that have been cut off. In other words, connection between connectable underground shopping malls should be promoted. Of course, long-term projects should be promoted step by step, and many consultations should be made on how to connect with the ground for each local government. Conclusion: This is because in the future, the underground space cannot just be a walking place, but another space of the Korean Wave where you can experience satisfying the five senses. K-shopping Hallyu content can be created by creating a characteristic story for each underground shopping mall in the city, permanently this story-oriented event, and creating a safe and elegant environment. If there is a story, so-called "Senomi Shopping" will be possible. A new Korean Wave will be created that can satisfy "the fun of writing, the fun of seeing, and the fun of feeling" at the same time.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.74-93
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There has been an increased interest in determining calcium magnesium, sodium, and potassium's distinct effects on hypertension over the past decade, yet they simultaneously regulate blood pressure. We aimed at examining the association of dietary calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium independently and jointly with hypertension using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2007 to 2014. MATERIALS/METHODS: The associations were examined on a large cross-sectional study involving 16684 US adults aged>20 years, using multivariate analyses with logistical models. RESULTS: Sodium and calcium quartiles assessed alone were not associated with hypertension. Potassium was negatively associated with hypertension in the highest quartile, 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.87). When jointly assessed using the high and low cut-off points, low sodium and corresponding high calcium, magnesium, and potassium intake somewhat reduced the odds of hypertension 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20-0.76). The sodium-to-potassium ratio was positively associated with hypertension in the highest quartile1.50 (95% CI, 1.11-2.02). When potassium was adjusted for sodium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed among women, increased odds of hypertension were reported in the highest quartile as 2.02 (95% CI, 1.18-3.34) and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.12-2.57), respectively. The association of combined minerals on hypertension using dietary goals established that men meeting the reference intakes for calcium and exceeding for magnesium had reduced odds of hypertension 0.51 (95% CI, 0.30-0.89). Women exceeding the recommendations for both calcium and magnesium had the lower reduced odds of 0.30 (95% CI, 0.10-0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the studied minerals' association on hypertension is stronger when jointly assessed, mostly after gender stratification. As compared to men, women increased their risk of hypertension even with a low sodium intake. Women would also reasonably reduce their risk of developing hypertension by increasing calcium and magnesium intake. In comparison, men would somewhat be protected from developing hypertension with calcium intake meeting the dietary goals and magnesium exceeding the nutritional goals.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.87-94
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• 2022

This paper seeks to raise inflection points of battery manufacturing bases in Korea in the V4 region through the reorganization of new industrial technologies in accordance with ESG. As a result, the global supply chain market is cut off. The Russian-Ukraine war and the U.S.-China hegemony are competing in the economic crisis caused by COVID-19. It is showing diversification of new suppliers in an environment where mineral, grain procurement, gas, and even wheat imports from China and Russia are not possible. As a protective glocal, this area is used as a buffer zone(Pro-Russia, Hungary). to an isolated zone(anti-Russia, Poland) by war. In this paper, economic growth is expected to slow further due to the EU tapering period and high inflation in world countries. Due to these changes, the conversion of new tech industry and the contraction of Germany's structure due to energy supply may lose the driving force for economic growth over the past 20 years. This is caused by market disconnection(chasm) in the nominal indicators in this area. On the other hand, Korea should actively develop into the V4 area as an energy generation export (nuclear and electric hydrogen generation) area as a bypass development supply area due to the imbalance in the supply chain of rare earth materials that combines AI. By linking this industry, the energy platform can be scaled up and reliable supply technology (next generation BT, recycling technology) in diversification can be formed in countries around the world. This paper proves that in order to overcome the market chasm caused by the industries connection, new energy development and platform size can be achieved and reliable supply technology (next-generation battery and recycling technology, Low-cost LFP) can be diversified in each country.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2022

AIS(Automatic Identification System) is a device that automatically transmits and receives ship information and is mounted on the ship. AIS information of ships near the coast can be received on the ground, but when going out to sea more than 50 nautical miles, communication with the ground is cut off. To solve this problem, ship information can be transmitted to the ground through an AIS satellite equipped with an AIS receiver. There is no case of AIS satellite development in Korea yet, and many domestic shipping companies are using overseas AIS services. PNUSAT-1 is a 1U+ CubeSat, developed by Pusan National University, and it is equipped with an AIS receiver for monitoring of ships and transmitting ship information to the ground. Since the mission data of PNUSAT-1 is in text format, the data size is not large. In consideration of this, communication equipment, low-precision sensors, and actuators were selected. In this paper, system preliminary design of PNUSAT-1 was performed, requirements for mission performance, operation scenario and mode design, hardware and software selection, and preliminary design of each subsystem were performed.