• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.400-414
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• 2021

Under high-level radioactive waste repository conditions, bentonite as an engineered barrier material undergoes thermal, hydrological, mechanical, and chemical processes. We report the applications of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) imaging technique on the characterization and analysis of bentonite over the past decade to provide a reference of the utilization of this technique and the recent research trends. This overview of the X-ray CT technique applications includes the characterization of the bentonite either in pellets or powder form. X-ray imaging has provided a means to extract grain information at the microscale and identify crack networks responsible for the pellets' heterogeneity. Regarding samples of pellets-powder mixtures under hydration, X-ray CT allowed the identification and monitoring of heterogeneous zones throughout the test. Some results showed how zones with pellets only swell faster compared to others composed of pellets and powder. Moreover, the behavior of fissures between grains and bentonite matrix was observed to change under drying and hydrating conditions, tending to close during the former and open during the latter. The development of specializing software has allowed obtaining strain fields from a sequence of images. In more recent works, X-ray CT technique has served to estimate the dry density, water content, and particle displacement at different testing times. Also, when temperature was added to the hydration process of a sample, CT technology offered a way to observe localized and global density changes over time.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.323-335
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to organize issues of exclusive contracts for celebrities, which have been a major part of the existing industry, in preparation for various contract disputes in the media entertainment industry, and disputes in the media entertainment industry. According to the law case analysis conducted to achieve the purpose of the study, the court judged that the exclusive contract that did not conform to society's conventional wisdom was not effective, and that it was difficult to maintain the contract because it was not a normal contract. In addition, the court believed that unreasonable contracts using unfair trading status and overly long contracts were all reasons for termination. According to the court's judgment, the current standard contract requires about four revisions. First, clarification of contract termination conditions, second, clarification of payment date of revenue allocation, third, diversification of contract periods, and fourth, realistic modification of penalty provisions. Standard contracts have been enacted after several discussions, but there are still many things to revise and supplement. It will not end up with the preparation and use of contracts, but it will be necessary to continuously revise them to suit the industry's situation.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.73-87
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• 2021

Special theaters were created to provide a sense of immersion and spectacles due to differentiated screens, sound, seating facilities, and advanced services, and also expanded screens. The purpose of this study is to perform comparative analysis of the technical characteristics formats shown in special theaters(3D film, 4DX, IMAX, ScreenX, and VR) in order to identify and find ways to overcome the technological limitations in production. The various formats show differences in field of view depending on the exhibition technology and these differences affect the mise-en-scene, narrative, and editing of the film and consequently result in changes in the production environment and process. Therefore, directors and creators must understand the technological features and limitations of the new formats before making their approach. However, a new format encounters limitations on production sets due to the decline of technical education and succession. In situations where shooting with a special camera is essential, the particular characteristics of each format should be carefully considered from the planning stage but financial problems arise due to increase in production period and cost. To overcome these various obstacles, it is essential to first identify problems and present alternatives through in-depth research on the production set of each format. Finally, this research aims to explore the prototype of each format and analyze the current state of production technology with formats that have not been adapted to the market trends by combining with the other formats and showing that they can survive in new ways.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.15-29
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• 2021

Many countries and companies are pursuing and developing Artificial intelligence as it is the core technology of the 4th industrial revolution. Global IT companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Google and Samsung have all released their own AI assistant hardware products, hoping to increase customer loyalty and capture market share. Competition within the industry for AI agent is intense. AI assistant products that command the biggest market shares and customer loyalty have a higher chance of becoming the industry standard. This study analyzed the current status of major overseas and domestic IT companies in the field of artificial intelligence, and suggested future strategic directions for voice UI technology development and user satisfaction. In terms of B2B technology, it is recommended that IT companies use cloud computing to store big data, innovative artificial intelligence technologies and natural language technologies. Offering voice recognition technologies on the cloud enables smaller companies to take advantage of such technologies at considerably less expense. Companies also consider using GPT-3(Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) an open source artificial intelligence language processing software that can generate very natural human-like interactions and high levels of user satisfaction. There is a need to increase usefulness and usability to enhance user satisfaction. This study has practical and theoretical implications for industry and academia.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.282-289
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• 2022

Background: Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the air and exposure to an airborne fungus can be a significant risk factor. The composition of fungi has been potentially important for human health, especially for respiratory diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we attempted to ascertain what kind of airborne fungi affect human health at a nationwide level. Objectives: This study was carried out to provide information on indoor fungi distribution at multi-use facilities throughout South Korea. Methods: We classified our data by region and public facility after collection, cultivation, and identification via the sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. We investigated whether or not the proliferation of HaCaT cells was affected by the identified airborne fungi. Results: In our data, the most isolated airborne fungi by region were Penicillium spp (Seoul, Daegu), Periconia sp (Gyeonggi-do), Iprex sp (Gangwon-do), Phanerochaete sp (Busan), Bjerkandera sp (Gwangju), and Aspergillus sp (Jeju-do). In the public facilities, the most detected fungi were Cladosporium sp (public transport), Penicillium sp (apartment house, retail market, financial institution, karaoke room), Bjerokandera sp (underground parking lot, public toilet, medical institution), Periconia sp (retail store), and Fusarium sp (general restaurant). Next, we selected twenty airborne fungi to examine their cytotoxicity and proliferation of human skin cells. In this experiment, the proliferation of the cells was influenced by most of the identified fungi. In case of the cytotoxicity test, most genera except for Rhodotorula sp and Moesziomyces sp showed cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells. Conclusions: The distribution of mold in the indoor air in multi-use facilities in South Korea differs from region to region, and this is an indicator that should be considered in future health impact studies. In addition, as a result of culturing about 20 types of bacteria dominant in indoor air, it was found that most (90%) inhibit the growth of skin cells, which can be harmful to health. An in-depth study of the health effects of floating fungi is needed.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.985-994
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• 2022

This study diagnoses the maturity level of local government's spatial information policy in the face of the digital transformation period. To this end, by using the stratification (AHP) analysis technique, for the spatial information expert group, the importance evaluation is performed along with the selection of measurement indicators of the level of spatial informatization. First, the current status and indicators in terms of spatial information policies of local governments are studied through theoretical considerations. In addition, by examining previous studies, differentiation from this study is presented. In this study, 3 indicators and 18 detailed items of spatial informatization level evaluation indicators could be selected. As a result of the evaluation, the overall importance ranking for the measurement index was 0.125 (12.5%) for the establishment and utilizations of GIS Systems provided by local governments, 0.109 (10.9%) for the quality management of basic spatial information, 0.107 (10.7%) for the establishment and utilization of its own spatial information. 0.073 (7.3%) for the collaboration and sharing within the institution, 0.071 (7.1%) for the operation of education and support system on spatial information, 0.065 (6.5%) for the securing a dedicated organization and professional human resources, and interest at the institutional level were derived in the order of 0.053 (5.3%). The results of this study are expected to be usefully utilized as basic data to evaluate the level of spatial information policies promoted by local governments. In addition, if the local government's spatial information policy is pursued centering on the major indicators derived from the study, it is expected that efficient policy operation will be possible.

• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.511-530
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• 2020

The present study aimed to examine the moderating effects of marital satisfaction (MS) on the association between the number of chronic disease (CD) and depressive symptoms (DS) among ol der men and women. The 6th wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing was utilized and the sample was married men (N=585) and women (N=460) aged 65 and over. Multiple regression analysis using SPSS WIN 25.0 and Process Macro was used to test moderating effects of MS. Control variables were age, education, household income, parent-child relationship satisfaction, self-rated health, cognitive function, current smoking status and CD of spouse. Resul ts from elderly men showed the moderating effect of MS was significant. Specifically, those with more CD were more likely to report higher level of DS in the low MS group. However, the effect of CD on DS was not significant in the high MS group. Results from elderly women showed the moderating effect of MS was not significant. This study showed the moderating effect of MS on the association between CD and DS differed by gender in later life. It suggests practical intervention to utilize the resources of spouses is in need to promote mentally healthy aging even though having chronically ill in later life.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.172-187
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• 2022

In the era of 'Experience Economy' user experience has emerged as a core value of a product, affecting the sustainability of the product and the long-term market viability. However, studies on product user experience factors (PUX factors) that affect the sustainability of the product still limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the PUX factors and the continuance usage intention with wireless earphones, which is a wearable product that is widely used to enjoy music in everyday life. The study uses three types of wireless earphones as the target product to insight into the differentiation of this relationship represents in different types of product. The research process consisted of four steps: 1) "Investigation on the current status of wireless earphones market", 2) "User survey and derivation of PUX factors", 3 "Analyzing the relationship between PUX factors and continuance usage intention", 4) "Output of analysis results and direction of product experience design". Through this research process, it was found that the core PUX factors that influence product sustainability were different depending on the type of wireless earphone. According to the differentiation of the core PUX factors, a variety of design methods for improving product experience and product sustainability was presented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2021

Objectives: 'Confined space' was only defined in the Safety and Health Regulations as a place where oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide must be dealt with at the time of the initial enactment (1982). The danger of fire and explosion were added in 2003. We will compare and review the regulations related to confined space work under the current safety and health rules alongside regulations in other countries and prepare a plan to improve the system through enhanced clarity and execution. Methods: In a comparison of systems for the prevention of suffocation in confined spaces in major countries (Germany, United States, Japan) different concepts of the definition of confined spaces in different countries apparently due to differences in each country's legal implementation system, accident analysis methods, the status of safety and health implementation in workplaces, the precautions against actual confined space work, and the definition of confined spaces were found to be not much different between Korea and the other foreign countries. Results: In the case of Germany and the United States, a confined space is defined as a contextual concept rather than a place, so more careful attention is needed from operators or enclosed space managers as it is often necessary to judge the actual workplace. In the case of Korea and Japan, the interior of the place is mainly defined as a place, especially in the case of Japan, which concentrates on oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Conclusions: For measures to improve regulations on the prevention of suffocation accidents in Korea, I would like to propose three major measures to improve the system in the rules on domestic industrial safety and health standards. It is necessary to prepare and provide a guide to ensure that the 18 types of confined spaces currently defined as confined spaces are clearly understood by field management supervisors or workers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.543-553
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• 2021

As a key policy for achieving the goal of reducing GHG in the building sector, Korea has enforced the mandatory certification of zero-energy buildings for new buildings in the public sector from 2020. This study evaluated a policy to achieve Net Zero by identifying the trend of changes in building energy performance according to policy and presenting a methodology to analyze the current performance state of energy technology applied to buildings. The final goal was to help stakeholders apply appropriate energy technologies for new buildings. For this study, data collected on building energy efficiency certification over the last four years have shown a gradual increase in energy performance. In addition, K-means cluster analysis was used to analyze the performance status of energy technologies applied to buildings. The high and low clusters of education and office facilities were used to analyze the comparative group (2016-2020, 2020). As a result, the solar module area in both high and low clusters of education facilities increased by 261.1% and 283.5%. In contrast, the solar module area decreased by both high and low clusters of office facilities. The most passive and active technologies showed an increase in energy performance.