• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.123-128
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to determine effects of different curing salts on the quality of salamis and to assess feasibility of using NaCl-alternative salts. Methods: Various types of curing salts (KCl or $MgCl_2$) as well as NaCl (sun-dried or refined) were incorporated for processing of salamis. The proximate composition, fatty acids, nucleotide-related compounds, and free amino acids of the salamis were analyzed during 40 days of ripening. Results: The substitution of NaCl by KCl caused higher fat and ash content, but lower moisture content of the salami after 20 days of ripening (p<0.05). Compared with the sun-dried NaCl, use of KCl in salami also led to greater inosine 5'-monophosphate whereas refined NaCl had more inosine (p<0.05). KCl-added salami also had a higher C12:0, C17:1, and C20:0 than other types of salami (p<0.05). $MgCl_2-added$ salami had higher content of free amino acids compared to the other salamis (p<0.05). Conclusion: Alternative curing salts such as KCl and $MgCl_2$ could substitute NaCl in consideration of quality factor of a fermented meat product. Especially replacement of NaCl with KCl will be a suitable strategy for developing relatively low sodium salami products without compromising product quality.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2012

A latent curing system was necessary for the anisotropic conducting film (ACF), and a fast reaction system was also necessary to fast production. In this study, the benzylsulfonium salts were synthesized and were used as latent curing initiators for epoxy resin. These benzylsulfonium compounds exhibited a long shelf life with epoxy resin. The curing behaviors of an epoxy resin with these sulfonium salts were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the curing times were determined at $150^{\circ}C$ using an indentation method.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.946-956
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• 2020

To identify the effect of sodium-alternative curing salts on the quality properties of salami through the ripening process, four salami treatments were prepared with different curing salts, T1 (-control, NaCl 1.9%), T2 (+control, NaCl 1.9%+NaNO₂ 0.01%), T3 (KCl 1.9%+NaNO₂ 0.01%), and T4 (MgCl₂ 1.9%+NaNO₂ 0.01%), under 40 days ripening conditions. Sodium-alternative salts (T3 or T4) showed characteristically different quality traits compared with T2. Especially, T3 had lower pH, water activity, volatile basic nitrogen, and lipid oxidation after 20 days of ripening period, compare with T2 or T4 (p<0.05). Sodium nitrite had critical impact on increased a* values, and T3 showed higher a* values compared with T2 or T4 (p<0.05). Sodium nitrite reduced initial growth of coliforms but sodium-alternative salts did not affect microbial growth patterns. T2-T4 containing sodium nitrite had higher content of umami nucleotide flavor compounds compared with T1, regardless of the chlorine salt species. The combined use of sodium-alternative curing salts and minimal sodium nitrite was found to be an applicable strategy on development of low sodium salami without a trade-off of the product quality.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Five low molar ratio urea-formaldehyde (LUF) resins were synthesized in this study. The effects of molar ratio, free formaldehyde content, and catalysts on the curing characteristics of LUF resins were studied by measuring its free formaldehyde content, pH value change after catalysts added, curing rate, and pot life, observing its cured appearance, and analyzing its thermal behavior. The results indicate that: 1) The LUF resin with lower molar ratio than 1.0 can still cure; 2) Free formaldehyde content is not the main factor in affecting curing rate of LUF resin; 3) Compared with ammonium chloride as a traditional catalyst, persulfate salts markedly accelerate the curing rate of LUF resin, and result in the different appearance; 4) the addition of sodium chloride to catalysts can accelerate the curing rate of LUF resin, but the effect is moderate.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 2022

Due to seawater's physical and chemical deterioration effects on concrete structures, it is crucial to investigate the durability of these structures in marine environments. In some conditions, concrete structures are exposed to seawater from the first days of construction or because of the lack of potable water, part of the concrete curing stage is done with seawater. In this research, the effects of exposure to seawater after 7 days of curing in standard conditions were evaluated. To improve the durability of concrete, fly ash has been used as a substitute for a part of the cement in the mixing design. For this purpose, 5, 15, and 30% of the mixing design cement were replaced with type F fly ash, and the samples were examined after curing in seawater. The resistance of concrete against chloride ion penetration based on the rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), water permeability based on the depth of water penetration under pressure, and water absorption test was done. The changes in the compressive strength of concrete in different curing conditions were also investigated. The results show that the curing in seawater has slightly reduced concrete resistance to chloride ion permeation. In the long-term, samples containing FA cured in seawater had up to 10% less resistance to chloride ion penetration. The amount of reduction in chloride ion penetration resistance was more for samples without FA. Whiles, for both curing conditions in the long-term up to 15%, FA improved the chloride ion penetration resistance up to 40%. Curing in seawater slightly increased the penetration depth of water under pressure in samples containing FA, while this increase was up to 12% for samples without FA. In the long-term the compressive strength of samples cured in seawater is not much different from the compressive strength of samples cured in plain water, while at the age of 28 days, due to seawater salts' accelerating effects the difference is more noticeable.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of refined, solar, and bamboo salt on the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of cured pork loin. Moisture, protein, fat, and ash content, lightness, yellowness, cooking yield, and color, juiciness, and tenderness of sensory properties on curing pork loin exhibited no significant differences regardless of the nature of salts. The pH of raw and cooked cured pork loin with added bamboo salt was higher that of other salt treatments. However, the cooking loss, and Warner-Bratzler shear force of cured pork loin with added refined salt was lower than those of solar and bamboo salt pork loins cured. The flavor and overall acceptability scores of treatments with refined salt was higher than those of solar and bamboo salt treatments. The unique flavor of bamboo salt can render it as a functional material for marinating meat products. In addition, the results of this study reveal potential use of bamboo salt in meat curing.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.94-104
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• 2018

Nitrite is an essential additive for cured meat product. Plasma is ionized gas and reactive nitrogen species in plasma can be infused into meat batter and subsequently generate nitrites by reaction with water molecules after plasma treatment. However, the increase of nitrite in meat batter is limited with direct treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma because of the increase of meat batter temperature. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of indirect treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma on the physicochemical properties of meat batter. Meat batter was indirectly treated with plasma at 1.5 kW for 60 min. The pH of meat batter decreased while the temperature increased with plasma treatment time. The total aerobic bacterial count of meat batter was not affected by plasma treatment. The nitrite content of meat batter was increased to 377.68 mg/kg after 60 min of plasma treatment. The residual nitrite content of cooked meat batter also increased with plasma treatment time. The CIE $a^*$-value of cooked meat batter increased. As plasma treatment time increased, lipid oxidation tended to increase and protein oxidation significantly increased. According to these results, the indirect treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma can be used as a new curing method for replacing synthetic nitrite salts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.34-37
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• 2000

The effect of novel N-crotyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-methylanilinium hexafluroantimonate (CMH) curing agent on cure behavior and thermal properties of DGEBA epoxy cationic system was investigated. From DSC measurements of DGEBA/CMH system, it was shown that this system exhibits an excellent thermal latent characteristic in a given temperature and reveals complex cure behavior as indicated by multiple exotherms. The conversion and conversion rate of DGEBA/CMH system increased with increasing the concentration of initiator due to high activity of CMH. Viscoelastic properties during gel formation of DGEBA with CMH were investigated by rheological techniques under isothermal condition. The gel time obtained from the modulus crossover. point t(G')=G", was affected by high curing temperature and concentration of CMH, resulting in high degree of network formation in cationic polymerization. The thermal stabilities were discussed in terms of the activation energy for decomposition and thermal factors determined from TGA measurements.ents.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 2001

The effect of novel N-crotyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-methylanilinium hexafluoroantimonate (CMH) curing agent as a thermal latent initiator on thermal behaviors, rheological properties, and thermal stability of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy cationic system was investigated. From DSC measurements of DGEBA/CMH system, it was shown that this system exhibits an excellent thermal latent characteristic at a given temperature. The conversion and conversion rate of DGEBA/CMH system increased with increasing the concentration of initiator, due to high activity of CMH. Rheological properties of the system were investigated under isothermal condition using a rheometer The gelation time was obtained from the analysis of storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), and damping factor (tan $\delta$). As a result, the reduction of gelation time was affected by high curing temperature and concentration of CMH, resulting in high degree of network formation in cationic polymerization, due to difference of activity. The thermal stability of the cured epoxy resin was discussed in terms of the activation energy for decomposition and thermal factors determined from TGA measurements.ents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 1998

The effects of various catalysts and softners on the anti-crease finish of ramie with glyoxal were investigated. A number of metal salts commonly used as Lewis acid catalysts in DP finishing of cotton with formaldehyde and N-methylol agents were screened for glyoxal treatment of ramie fabric. Various organic and inorganic acids were mixed with Lewis acid catalyst as co-catalysts to improve catalytic activity. As a result, the combination of aluminum sulfate and citric acid was proven highly effective in catalyzing the crosslinking of ramie cellulose by glyoxal under lower curing temperature. With a mixed catalyst, performance properties, such as whiteness and tearing strength as well as wrinkle recovery of treated ramie fabric were improved as compared with that treated with aluminum sulfate alone. Additional improvement of tearing strength and wrinkle recovery was achieved by applying silicons softner in the treatment bath.