• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.146-161
• /
• 2002

Incidence of soilborne diseases, as a major cause of failure of continuous monocropping becomes severe in recent years. For examples, recent epidemics of club root of chinese cabbage, white rot of garlic, bacterial wilt of potato, pepper phytophthora blight, tomato fusarium wilt and CGMMV of watermelon are the diseases that require urgent control measures. Reasons for the severe incidence of soilborne diseases are the simplified cropping system or continuous monocropping associated with allocation of major production areas of certain crop and year-round cultivation system that results in rapid degradation of soil environment. Neglect of breeding for disease resistance relative to giving much emphasis on high yield and good quality, and cultural methods putting first on the use of chemical fertilizers are thought to be the reason. Counter-measures against soilborne disease epidemics would become most effective when the remedies are seeded for individual causes. As long-term strategies, development of rational cropping system which fits local cropping and economic condition, development and supply of cultivars resistant to multiple diseases, and improvement of soil environment by soil conditioning are suggested. In short-term strategies, simple and economical soil-disinfestation technology, and quick and accurate forecasting methods for soilborne diseases are urgent matter far development. for these, extensive supports are required in governmental level for rearing soilborne disease specialists and activation of collaborating researches to solve encountering problems of soilborne diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.10 no.12
• /
• pp.3815-3823
• /
• 2009

As a critical element for success of community based tourism, festivals and special events play a significant role in enticing visitors from outside of the host community. More importantly, festivals and events contribute to improve the life quality for both hosts and guests. The purpose of this study is to develop a market segmentation strategy based on the perceived festival impacts among visitors to Poonggi Ginseng Festival so that each segment can be treated and communicated with separatedly for utmost visiting satisfaction. In this study, two market segments based on visitors' socio-cultural and environmental evaluation of the festival were identified, namely high appraisal group and low appraisal group. Two groups contrast sharply in terms of their behavioral patterns and perceived value and overall satisfaction. Practical marketing strategies are suggested accordingly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.128-138
• /
• 2014

Local festivals quite often give their visitors and local residents a good opportunity to experience the regional culture thoroughly. Also, the festivals empower the cultural pride and communal sociality, and create new jobs improving local economy. In Korea, more than 700 local festivals are held every year. Each festival is organized and operated upon all different purpose and mission. It is unfortunate, however, that many festivals fail to balance between making profits and accomplishing their purpose. Festival's marketing plan and content management should be cohesive, but at the same time, they also should be different depending on the festival's purpose and program. Especially in case of performance natured festivals, the role and function of festival directing should be more weighed on content management. Namhaean Byeolsingut is one of performance natured festivals, in which its archetype or primitive form is well maintained. This study observes the primitive form of NB from the director's viewpoint, and then provides a solid foundation on how those main characteristics of NB could be applied to invigorating local festival directing. The directing suggestions here are motivated by NB's ritual, performative, and play form.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.645-655
• /
• 2006

Apsan, as part of the main ecosystem of Daegu city, plays an important role for maintaining the environmental sustainability of the large city. Especially varieties of valuable resources, which are cultural, historical, biological, geomorphological and geological, are distributed around Apsan. Therefore the positive preservation plan is required. This paper aims to examine the environmental characteristics of Apsan and then suggests the following ideas for the environmental preservation and sustainable use of Apsan. 1) 'The New Map of Apsan' that includes more exact information needs to be produced. 2) The Apsan ecosystem management plan should be made under the precision natural ecology investigation. 3) For the protection of inanimate object resources, such as geographical feature and geology, the Geotourism Department needs to be established within Daegu metropolitan office of education or the tourism division of Daegu city government. 4) An effective environmental-impact-assessment system should be officially established. 5) the positive administrative and financial support system led by local NGOs is required for the Apsan environmental protection activities and education. 6) It is necessary to bring out into the open prayer sites to prevent forest fire. 7) 'The nature rest year system' enforcement is required to restore the damaged ecological space of Apsan.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.111-137
• /
• 2016

The roles of public libraries have been diverse not only provision of information but also provision of cultural programs. According to this trend, the spatial composition of public libraries have been also changed to reflect the diverse roles. This study is conducted to explore the spatial characteristics in public libraries with two objectives: 1) to suggest spatial types in public libraries based on their physical characteristics, and 2) to explore the relationships between the spatial types and users' perception. To accomplish these objectives, we adopted observation and questionnaire survey as research methods. Consequently, three spatial types of public libraries are identified based on an investigation of several public libraries: divided, partially integrated, and integrated. Then, several statistical analyses, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), are conducted with the questionnaire survey data. The results from the statical analyses show that there are significant differences in users' perceptions and behaviors between the spatial types. That is, the spatial type influences user's perceptions. This study is meaningful in terms of its first attempt to explore the relationships between spatial factors in libraries and users' perceptions. Based on this, it is suggested that libraries should consider their spatial structures for developing user's positive perception on the libraries.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.06a
• /
• pp.45-72
• /
• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 2013

Because consumers tend to have negative opinion about a company that neglects social issues like poverty or pollution while it focuses on its own profit, a lot of companies have invested their resources in Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR). CSR has merits of image improving and profit gaining, on the other hand, it has also many shortcomings. First, the cost of CSR may become a heavy financial burden. Specifically, CSR tends to be implemented by a company's unilateral backup, and then this may impose a heavy burden on the company. Second, one cannot expect effects of CSR in a short-term. Because of these shortcomings, the unilateral CSR has gone into alteration of the type of CSR since 1980's. Instead of unilaterality, Cause-Related Marketing(CRM) began to be used for mutual profits among company, consumers, and society. That is, CRM has become to be spotlighted as a new type of CSR. It focuses on partnership between a company and consumers based on cause and mutual profit pursuing through this partnership. So, many contemporary companies prefer CRM activities that derive their positive corporate image, that increase their sales, and that reduce their financial cost. The IBM Matching Grants Program, which is the largest of the IBM-Employee partnership programs, is a typical CRM. This program enables employees and retirees to increase the value of their donations to educational institutions, hospitals, hospices, nursing homes, and cultural & environmental organizations with a matching gift from IBM. Hundreds of educational institutions and thousands of nonprofit organizations have benefited from the contributions by IBM. There might be various types of matching grants. For example, an employee might choose a lump-sum expense or partitioning a lump-sum into a series of small ongoing expenses for his (or her) donation, and a firm might match the employee's total contribution with a lump-sum expense or might match the employee's total contribution with a series of small ongoing expenses. However, it is not easy to find an academic research on which type of matching grant is preferred by employees. This paper shows that an employee prefers the type of matching grants that consists of a lump-sum expense for his (or her) contribution and a series of small ongoing expenses for a firm's contribution [or the type of matching grants that consists of a series of small ongoing expenses for an employee's contribution and a lump-sum expense for a firm's contribution] to the other types of matching grants.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
• /
• no.2
• /
• pp.191-213
• /
• 2004

The trend of "Blockbuster Exhibitions" over the past decade has led to the unfortunate reality that museums, losing sight of their role as an Academic organization, are becoming increasingly influenced by the corporate world. In my dissertation entitled "The Commercialization of Blockbuster Exhibitions in Museums," I explore the modern tendency toward Blockbuster exhibitions in art museums and the negative impact of those exhibitions on the art world. Museums of the modern day have expanded their territory from the traditional venue of public education to the hybrid cultural space. This mission, evident in the museum's attempt to satisfy audiences with the offering of diverse activities, has changed the concept of the museum, giving priority to the desire for financial gain. From the viewpoint of this new museology, the museum considers Blockbuster exhibitions as the safest method to increase ticket sales. As a program that openly reveals the commercialism of the museum, I explore the Blockbuster show and its strategies as a means of exposing the influence of the corporate world on art. A key component to the Blockbuster exhibition is the "hype" that is created to attract an audience. This devotion to increased publicity distracts from what should be the goal of public education, as the primary focus leans towards the desire for a large number of visitors. Consequently, this unavoidably standardized exhibition is presented to the public in a manner that deprives the audience of a unique experience. With large crowds and increased ticket prices, it is difficult to form a genuine appreciation of the artwork. In addition to the profit gained by increased ticket prices and the commercial sales of "souvenirs" from the museum gift shop, Blockbuster shows are used as a means to attract the attention of corporate sponsors. As explained in my dissertation, the importance that the museum places on corporate sponsorship as a capital resource is evident, however the degree to which the museum allows itself to he influenced by the desire for capital gain poses a threat to its function as an academic organization. Circumstances in American museum history, in particular, have influenced the transition from academic resource to corporation within museology. In keeping with the nation's tendency towards capitalism, art museums in the United States were initially established and developed by individual capitalists who applied principals of corporate operation to museum management. As a result, in modern days, We witness the influence of enterprise on museum programs, while corporate management may be able to guarantee immediate fiscal benefits, however, it is unable insure the future of the museum. In Slim, my dissertation discusses the mechanism of the commercialized "Blockbuster Exhibition" and the impact that it has on the future of the museum as an industry. This research provides an opportunity to reconsider the role of the museum as an academic institution, particularly in regard to the need to decrease the capitalization of exhibitions and refocus their influence on the art world as an educational resource.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.83-103
• /
• 2009

The Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI), operating from 1990-2003, was charged with creating and introducing the international museum community to the concept of adopting metadata industry standards. The CIMI consortium exceeded its original mission by; creating a standards framework, profile, testbeds, important metadata publications, free downloadable metadata software and protocols, and providing instrumental guidance and support in development of new projects. However, CIMI's emphasis on the importance and utility of a standards-based approach and the necessity for implementing the CIMI Standards Framework is probably its most important achievement. During CIMI's tenure, museums reaped the benefits by learning how to apply the model and standards to meet their individual needs while not having to invent new ones or bear the cost of software development. Although CIMI operations ceased in 2003, its impacts on museum related metadata application and research were unprecedented in that it provided the standards prototype and foundations on which to build. This paper discusses what CIMI bequeathed to the next generation of museum metadata field developers and describes the anticipated realm of future projects and advancement.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.46
• /
• pp.29-60
• /
• 2010

The incentive and reasons to publish FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Design, Build and Operate Projects(DBO Form) are manifold. It is partly a response to the increasing need for sophisticated project delivery methods in both the public and private sectors and the already widespread use of the FIDIC Yellow Book with operation and maintenance obligations and partly a response to the challenge to decrease maintenance cost to a minimum by means of a new procurement route. As a result, FIDIC has developed a new model form to meet this market place requirement. On the other hand, FIDIC did not simply adapt the Yellow Book but has developed a new form from it, whilst preserving the style of the already known FIDIC Forms and maintaining the wording where it was not necessary to change it for the purposes of a DBO Form. Moreover DBO Form fills up supposed gaps in other FIDIC Forms and ameliorates the claim management and dispute management framework. FIDIC DBO approach may be shortly summarized as follows. First, DBO Form provides for single project responsibility. Second, DBO Form has the clear objective of ensuring the use of a most reliable and efficient technology at the lowest life-cycle cost. Third, DBO Form is intended to operate as an effective quality increase in the design and construction of projects. Fourth, DBO Form is intended to provide significant benefits with regard to system integration and reduction of risks. Fifth, DBO Form accelerates and enhances completion schedule compliance. Sixth, DBO takes care of all three supporting pillars of sustainability(including economical, environmental and social elements). DBO Form is obviously a good starting point for negotiations and the preparation of calls for tenders, thus saving the parties time and money. However, existing cultural and legal differences, particular local conditions and the particular needs of some branches of the industry may require the form to be adapted according to the particular needs of a project. And Civil law practitioners are strongly recommended to verify carefully the underlying legal concepts and background of each clause of the General Conditions in order to avoid unnecessary and sometimes unnatural changes and amendments being made. Note that when preparing the Particular Conditions ensure that terminology is consistent and that existing inherent concepts should not be ignored.