• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 2021

Purpose - This study aims to examine the antecedents of willingness to pay in the domain of duty free shop. Design/methodology/approach - This study chooses willingness to pay as explained variable. The candidates of explanatory variables are price fairness, brand awareness, employee service, product diversity, and crowding. This study uses survey to explore the linear relation between variables. This research collected data using online panel data collection service. The number of valid observation is 265. The research targe is Lotte duty free store. Statistical analysis was for statistical inference. To attain the information of survey respondents, frequency analysis is employed. Next, this study implemented exploratory factor analysis and reliability to ensure both validity and reliability of measurement items. This study executed multiple regression analysis to test research hypotheses Findings - Regrading results, brand awareness, employee service, and product diversity are positively associated with willingness to pay of duty free shop product. Moreover, the results of regression analysis suggest the inverted-U shape association between crowding and willingness to pay. However, price fairness appeared as non-significant variable to account for willingness to pay in the multiple regression analysis. Originality - This study contributes to the literature by examining duty free shop customers more.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.298-307
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• 2022

Glossectomy combined with radiotherapy causes different levels of tongue function disorders and leads to severe malocclusion, with poor periodontal status in cancer survivors. Although affected patients require regular access to orthodontic care, special considerations are crucial for treatment planning. This case report describes the satisfactory orthodontic management for the correction of severe dental crowding in a 43-year-old female 6 years after treatment for tongue cancer with total glossectomy combined with radiotherapy, to envision the possibility of orthodontic care for oral cancer survivors. Extraction was performed to correct dental crowding and establish proper occlusion following alignment, after considering the possibility of osteoradionecrosis. Orthodontic mini-implants were used to provide skeletal anchorage required for closure of the extraction space and intrusion of the anterior teeth. The dental crowding was corrected, and Class I occlusal relationship was established after 36 months of treatment. The treatment outcome was sustained after 15 months of retention, and long-term follow-up was recommended.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.207-230
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• 2006

The study which it sees probably is the tourist' from the tourist resort, a emotional response and the change of stay hour and the follows in crowding perceived degree and it examines it does. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, carried out literature study of a related field and set up a study model. We used one method. The first method was directly distributing questionnaires to tourist' by use of one researcher who has been trained in tourist site, in order to confirm hypothesis established according to a theoretical background. And as the site of study, chose Mureung Valley which are located in the East Sea region which is one of the largest domestic vacation destinations. Through these methods, we were able to obtain participation of 450 people from across the country. Using 408 responses(42 responses removed). we derived statistics by means of Win SPSS Version 10.0 statistics program package. The analysis results ara as follows: First, Perceived Crowding affects tourists' Emotional Response and the Stay hour change. Specially, perceived Crowding is from in the Emotional Response factor it is joyful with there is relationship of excitation relationship effect. Second, There is relationship of effect even to sentimental reaction and stay hour change. This also is from in the Emotional Response factor it is joyful with there is relationship of excitation relationship effect. Finally, we discuss the results of analysis and suggest research limitation and future and future study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.624-635
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• 2018

Objective: This study examined whether emergency department (ED) crowding influences the timing of the initial assessment and treatment in severe trauma patients, as well as their mortality rates. Methods: This retrospective, observational study was conducted between January 2015 and October 2016, and included adult severe trauma patients who presented to the ED. The emergency department occupancy rate (EDOR) was used to measure ED crowding. The patients were divided into four groups using the EDOR quartile. The timeliness of the initial assessment and treatment in the four groups as well as the mortality rates were compared. Results: This study investigated 307 patients. The timing of the first computed tomography (CT) and laboratory test order, CT and laboratory test result acquisition, first transfusion, and patient transfer from the ED to the operating room were similar in the four groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis did not show a significant difference in mortality between the groups. Conclusion: ED crowding was not associated with delays in the initial assessment and treatment of severe trauma patients, or in their mortality rates.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.141-150
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• 2015

The object of this study is finding out the relational effect of perceived crowding of international airport on emotional response and revisit intention. The data of this study was collected by questionnaire and based on Incheon international airport visitors. A total 260 validity sample was analyzed a frequency analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis and correlation coefficient analysis from SPSS 21, a hypothesis through out confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling from AMOS 7.0. As a result of this study, visitors' human perceived crowding of international airport and positive emotional response showed a significant effects on revisit intention.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 1977

The patient, 19 years old female, complained of protrusion of upper and lower anterior teeth. Teeth lining was good except slight crowding in lower anterior teeth. Teeth lining was good except slight crowding in lower incisors, but distocclusion in the region of right buccal segment was present. Cephalometric analysis revealed normal relation between maxilla and cranial base. The labial inclination of upper and lower anterior teeth was severe, so diagnosed as bialveolar protrusion case. She was treated by means of multibanded system under the extraction of four first bicuspids. After 1 year and 4 months. She gained good interdigitation of buccal segments and attractive facial profile because the labioversion of incisors was reduced properly.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.147-158
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• 2013

This article describes the orthodontic treatment of a 31-year-old Korean female patient with gummy smile and crowding. The patient showed excessive gingival display in both the anterior and posterior areas and a large difference in gingival heights between the anterior and posterior teeth in the maxilla. To correct the gummy smile, we elected to intrude the entire maxillary dentition instead of focusing only on the maxillary anterior teeth. Alignment and leveling were performed, and a midpalatal absolute anchorage system as well as a modified lingual arch was designed to achieve posterosuperior movement of the entire upper dentition. The active treatment period was 18 months. The gummy smile and crowding were corrected, and the results were stable at 21 months post-treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.273-285
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• 1991

Crowded group is composed of 60 subjects who visited Yonsei University for orthodontic treatment and has no history of orthodontic treatment. Noncrowded group is composed of 26 subjects who has no crowding, considered to have a normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment. Currently available and approved analytic method was used. Interrelationship between tooth size and arch size, and it's correlation on tooth crowding was studied and the following results were obtained. 1. In comparison of sum of mesiodistal width, of crown size of teeth was greater in noncrowded group than that of crowded group on both arch. (p < 0.01). 2. In comparison of arch lengths, the values measured from arch length 2 showed greater in noncrowded group (p < 0.01). Also in crowded group, arch length 1 showed greater value than arch length 2 on both arch (p < 0.01). 3. In comparison of arch widths, upper interlateral (p < 0.01) and upper intercanine width (p < 0.05) showed greater value in noncrowded group on upper arch and intermolar width showed greater value in noncrowded group on both upper and lower arches (p < 0.05). 4. In comparison of arch perimeters, arch perimeter 2 was greater value in noncrowded group on both upper and lower arches (p < 0.01). 5. Dentoalveolar disproportion was greater in noncrowded group on both upper and lower arches (p < 0.01). 6. In lower incisors MD/FL ratio, the central and lateral incisors were greater in crowded group, but statistial significance was only in lateral incisors (p < 0.01) 7. The irregularity index of lower incisors showed greater value in crowded group (p < 0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.37-49
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• 2002

The objective of this research was an investigation of the important green spaces in Daegu and to present the basic frame of green network in Daegu. Present the condition of the significant green spaces is as follows: In the 3km radius of the city center, the isolation and discontinuation of the green spaces was extensive, caused by crowding of houses and funeral parlours. Consequently, the isolation relaxation which leads to the additional creation of the green spaces and a buffering plan were demanded. In the transfer area of a 3∼6km radius, which is located between the city center's congested area and the suburb green spaces, the significant green spaces had high connection and buffering characteristic, but in the northwest and the south, serious discontinuation appeared between the suburb green spaces and the city conte green spaces. In the 6∼9km radius, the suburb important green spaces accomplished the function which extended the back core green spaces to the city center area. But creation of buffering green spaces was necessary in part because of proximity to the resident area. The results suggest a connection between green spaces on the base of the distribution of the important green spaces, were as follows: In the 3km radius, irregular direction lines appeared while a schedule one direction line appeared in 3∼6km and 6∼9km radius. The discontinued parts of the green network were caused by industrial complexes, house crowding, and cultivation areas. Consequently, reservation and creation plans of green spaces in response to this were demanded. Through the additional creation of green spaces in the discontinued parts, the basic frame of green network in Daegu was the radiation annular form. And it was suitable to activate the parks and the general green spaces.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2001

The effects of refining load on the paper properties were investigated. HwBKP, SwBKP and SwUKP were refined with PFI mill at the load of 3.33 N/mm and 6.00 N/mm. Higher Scott bond was obtained at the higher refining load for three pulp used in this study. However any changes in the light scattering coefficient with the change of refining load were not observed. Although the effect of refining load on the formation index for SwUKP was not observed, higher refining load gave the better formation for HwBKP and SwBKP. The fiber mass and fiber crowding factor were not affected by the refining load. Higher apparent density and tensile index were obtained with the higher refining load. However, the higher refining load did not improve the tensile index at the same apparent density. The tear index was decreased with the increase of refining load.