• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2021

In this paper, we investigate the valuation of vulnerable exchange option that has credit risk of option issuer. The reduced-form model is used to model credit risk. We assume that credit event is determined by the jump of the counting process with stochastic intensity, which follows the mean reverting process. We propose a simple approach to derive the closed-form pricing formula of vulnerable exchange option under the reduced-form model and provide the pricing formula as the standard normal cumulative function.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2013

Credit option is a policy that has been studied by many researchers in the area of supply chain management. This policy has been applied in practice to improve the profits of supply chain members. Usually, a credit option policy is proposed by the seller, and often under a symmetric information environment where members have complete information on each others' operations. In this paper, we investigate two scenarios: firstly, the seller offers a credit option to the buyer, and secondly, the buyer attempts to stretch the length of the credit period offered by the seller. The proposed model in both scenarios will be investigated under an asymmetric information structure where some information are private and are only known to the individual who has knowledge of this information. The interactions between buyer and seller will be modeled by non-cooperative Stackelberg games where the buyer and seller take turn as leader and follower. Among some of the numerical results obtained, the seller and buyer's profits obtained from symmetric information games are larger than those obtained from an asymmetric information game in both scenarios. Furthermore, both buyer and seller's profit in the second scenario are better than in the first scenario.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.567-576
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• 2021

In this paper, we deal with the pricing of vulnerable power exchange option. We consider the hybrid model as the credit risk model. The hybrid model consists of a combination of the reduced-form model and the structural model. We derive the closed-form pricing formula of vulnerable power exchange option based on the change of measure technique.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제39권5_6호
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• pp.677-688
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• 2021

In the modern financial market, the scale of financial instrument transactions in the over-the-counter (OTC) market are increasing. However, in this market, there exists a counterparty credit risk. Herein, we obtain a closed-form solution of power option with credit risks, using the double Mellin transforms. We also use a numerical method to compare the differentiations of option price between the closed-form solution and Monte-Carlo simulation. The result shows that the closed-form solution is precise. In addition, the option's price is sensitive to the exponent of the maturity stock price.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.553-566
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• 2021

In the over-the-counter market, option's buyers could have a problem for default risk caused by option's writers. In addition, many participants try to maximize their benefits obviously in investing the financial derivatives. Taking all these circumstances into consideration, we deal with the vulnerable power options under a constant elasticity variance (CEV) model. We derive an analytic pricing formula for the vulnerable power option by using the asymptotic analysis, and then we verify that the analytic formula can be obtained accurately by comparing our solution with Monte-Carlo price. Finally, we examine the effect of CEV on the option price based on the derived solution.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.35-47
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• 2020

An economic downturn can occurred through unexpected events in various fields, such as the subprime mortgage crisis and the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Trade credit is important for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially during a monetary contraction, as it is the last option for firms that lack bank credit. This study aims to determine whether trade credit is profitable for the buyer and supplier firms during and after a financial crisis. We use panel data consisting of all trade credit transactions and financial statements of 5,751 Korean firms during the period 2008-2012. It shows that trade credit is more profitable for both buyers and suppliers in the post-crisis period than during the crisis. Moreover, trade payable is more effective for unconstrained buyers than for constrained buyers. Finally, a mixed strategy is superior to an aggressive or passive strategy of SMEs. The results suggest less profitability of trade credit during a period of contraction and greater sensitivity of the buyer SMEs, emphasizing the idiosyncratic liquidity strategy of each firm. This study can be helpful to develop a strategy of profitable trade credit for SMEs and to establish a policy of managing liquidity for the authority.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2020

This study analyzes the distributor's inventory model in a two-stage supply chain consisting of the supplier, the distributor and the end customer. The supplier will allow a credit period before the distributor settles the account with him in order to stimulate the demand for the product he produces. It is also assumed that the distributor pays the shipping cost for the order and hence, the distributor's ordering cost consists of a fixed ordering cost and the shipping cost that depend on the order quantity. The availability of the delay in payments from the supplier enables discount of the distributor's selling price from a wider range of the price option in anticipation of increased customer's demand. As a result, the availability of a credit transaction leads to an increase in inventory levels. On the other hand, in the case of deteriorating products in which the utility of the product perish over time, the deterioration rate with time plays a role in reducing inventory levels. In this regard, we analyze the effect of the length of the credit period and the degree of product deterioration on the distributor's inventory level. For the analysis, we formulate the distributor's annual net profit and analyze the effect of the length of credit period and deterioration rate of the product on inventory policy numerically.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2020

As an effective means of price discrimination, some suppliers offer trade credit to the distributors in order to stimulate the demand for the product they produce. The availability of the delay in payments from the supplier enables discount of the distributor's selling price from a wider range of the price option in anticipation of increased customer's demand. Since the distributor's lot-size is affected by the demand for the customer, the distributor's lot-size and the selling price determination problem is interdependent and must be solved at the same time. Also, in many common business transactions, the distributor pays the shipping cost for the order and hence, the distributor's ordering cost consists of a fixed ordering cost and the shipping cost that depend on the order quantity. In this regard, we deal with the joint lot-size and price determination problem when the supplier allows delay in payments for an order of a product. The positive effects of credit transactions can be integrated into the EOQ (economic order quantity) model through the consideration of retailing situations, where the customer's demand is a function of the distributor's selling price. It is also assumed that the distributor's order cost consists of a fixed ordering cost and the variable shipping cost. We formulate the distributor's mathematical model from which the solution algorithm is derived based on properties of an optimal solution. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the algorithm developed.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.111-137
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• 2011

UCP 600 Article 14(b), providing rules for the period of the examination of documents, is a radical reorganization of UCP Article 13(b). The provision changes the period of time to a maximum of five banking days instead of reasonable time. One of the critical problems giving rise to the difficulty in interpretation and application is the question of fact that there may be two possible conflicting options in determining the time of checking documents presented. The one doctrine is fixed time(safe harbor) standard, and the other is hidden reasonableness standard. This study analyzes which option should be adopted for the optimal application standard by welfare effect methodology using consumer surplus approach and suggests that safe harbor standard should be optimal solution to the determination of period of examination of documents presented in letter of credit regime.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.209-237
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• 2006

기존의 기업부도 예측모델들은 장부가치를 기준으로 한 회계적 자료에 의존하여 부도확률을 평가함으로써 시장의 상황변화를 민감하게 반영하지 못하며, 이론적 배경도 약하다는 약점을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 시장정보형 부도예측모형은 기업의 부도예측에 시장가치를 이용함은 물론 Black-Scholes(1973)의 옵션가격결정이론이라는 옵션이론을 배경으로 하고 있어 최근 들어 많은 기업들이 신용리스크를 평가하는 데 사용하고 있으며 그 대표적인 모형이 KMV이다. 우리나라 기업들도 최근 들어 KMV를 많이 사용하고 있으나, 미국기업들과 부채구조가 다른 데도 미국에서 사용하는 KMV모형을 그대로 사용함으로써 부도시점 예측 시 오차가 발생한다는 문제를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 부채구조가 다를 경우 KMV모형을 그대로 사용하면 안 되고 부도확률 산출 시 부채구조를 감안하여야 함을 실증적으로 입증하였다. 즉, KMV모형을 국내에 적용할 경우, 부도확률계산 시 고정부채의 편입비율 50%로 일률적으로 적용하는 것보다는 부채구조를 감안하여 20% 이하로 고정부채편입비율을 조정해야 부도예측능력이 제고된다는 것을 확인함으로써 기업의 신용리스크관리에 중요한 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 또한 IMF 외환위기와 같은 외부충격이 기업부도에 미치는 영향을 확인하였으며, 한국기업들의 경우 유동비율보다는 유동부채비중이 부도점 산정에 보다 중요함도 확인하였다.