• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.24 no.4_2
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• pp.435-441
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• 2021

This research was performed to study the effect of the Ni + Mo addition on the fatigue properties in 12Cr steel. After heat treatment of 12Cr steel and 12Cr-Ni-Mo steel, tensile tests, impact tests, hardness tests, and rotary bending fatigue tests were performed, respectively. The fatigue fracture surface was observed and analyzed using SEM and EDS. The fatigue limit of 12Cr steel was 554 MPa, which was 49 MPa higher than 505 MPa of 12Cr-Ni-Mo steel. Striations, which are the shape of the typical fatigue fracture surface, were observed at the fracture surface near the starting point of fatigue fracture in the 12Cr steel and 12Cr-Ni-Mo steel. However, unlike the case of 12Cr steel, 12Cr-Ni-Mo steel also had a mixed fracture surface with the fatigue and the ductile fracture surface. When brittle non-metallic inclusions exist near the starting point of fatigue failure, the crack propagation was further promoted and the fatigue life was drastically reduced.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 1999

Microstructure and mechanical properties of five Cr-Mo steels for nuclear industry applications have been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, differential scanning calorimeter, hardness, tensile, and impact test were used to evaluate the Cr and W effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Microstructures of Cr-Mo steels after tempering are classified into three types : bainitic 2.25Cr-lMo steel, martensitic Mod.9Cr-lMo, HT9M, and HT9W steels, and dual phase HT9 steel. The majority of the precipitates were found to be M$_{23}$C$_{6}$ carbides. As minor phases, fine needle-like V(C,N), spherical NbC, fine needle-like Cr-rich Cr$_2$N, and Cr-rich M$_{7}$C$_3$were also found. Addition of 2wt.% W in Cr-Mo steels retarded the formation of subgrain and dissolution of Cr$_2$N precipitates. Hardness and ultimate tensile strength increased with increasing Cr content. Though Cr content of HT9W steel was lower than that of HT9 steel, the hardness of HT9W was higher due to the higher W content. W added HT9W steel had the highest ultimate tensile strength above $600^{\circ}C$. But impact toughness of W added steel (HT9W) and high Cr steel (HT9) was low.w.w.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.66-74
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• 1996

In this study, friction and wear properties of flame sprayed specimens and hard Cr plating specimens were tested, and their properties were compared each other in dry and lubrication condition. Ni-Cr powder and steel powder were used as the spray powder and sprayed on the steel(S45C) substrate by flame sprayed method. Each wear surface was observed with SEM after friction and wear test. The friction coefficient of the as-forged steel specimens was the highest among surface treatment specimens, and the other specimens appeared in order as follows ; hard Cr-plating specimens, Ni-Cr powder sprayed specimens, steel powder sprayed specimens. Comparing the wear volumes in dry condition, as forged steel specimens appeared the greatest wear volume, and the other specimens appeared wear volume in order as follows ; Ni-Cr powder sprayed specimens, steel powder sprayed specimens, hard Cr plating specimens. In friction and wear test, the hard Cr plating specimens were worn by the abrasive phenomenon, involving the cracks. The wear volume of steel powder sprayed specimens was lower than that of Ni-Cr powder sprayed specimens. Comparing the tensile strength of both sprayed coating layers, the steel powder sprayed coating layer was better than Ni-Cr powder sprayed coating layer.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 1989

To check technical improvement in the soundness and strength of 12% Cr steel rotor, a 25 tons of rotor with 65 tons of ingot was made in real size and was cut to pieces to take test samples, and the various mechanical tests such as impact, tensile, creep, and fatigue were carried out. The strengths are compared with those of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor of same size. Microstructures of the samples are examined and reviewed. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) Fracture appearance transition temperatures are 80.deg. C at the center part and 60.deg. C near surface of 12% Cr rotor, and 8.deg. C near surface of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor. 2) Comparative rapid softening occurs at higher temperatures above 600.deg. C for 12% Cr steel and 550.deg. C for 1% Cr-Mo-V steel in tension tests. 3) Fatigue crack propagation rate of 12% Cr steel is almost same as that of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel at the same corresponding surface part of the rotors. The crack growth rate of center part of 12% Cr rotor is faster than near surface part of the rotor, and the crack growth rate at the load condition of R=0.04 is slower than that of the load condition of R=0.5 for both 12% Cr steel and 1% Cr-Mo-V steel. 4) Crack growth rate of radial direction near surface of 12% Cr rotor is faster than that of transverse direction at the same part because of the difference in residual stresses. 5) Both creep and fatigue strengths of 12% Cr steel are superior to those of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel and the difference is thought the effect of climb and glide controlled creep by solid solution of alloying elements and dispersion of carbides.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.625-625
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• 1989

To check technical improvement in the soundness and strength of 12% Cr steel rotor, a 25 tons of rotor with 65 tons of ingot was made in real size and was cut to pieces to take test samples, and the various mechanical tests such as impact, tensile, creep, and fatigue were carried out. The strengths are compared with those of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor of same size. Microstructures of the samples are examined and reviewed. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) Fracture appearance transition temperatures are 80.deg. C at the center part and 60.deg. C near surface of 12% Cr rotor, and 8.deg. C near surface of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor. 2) Comparative rapid softening occurs at higher temperatures above 600.deg. C for 12% Cr steel and 550.deg. C for 1% Cr-Mo-V steel in tension tests. 3) Fatigue crack propagation rate of 12% Cr steel is almost same as that of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel at the same corresponding surface part of the rotors. The crack growth rate of center part of 12% Cr rotor is faster than near surface part of the rotor, and the crack growth rate at the load condition of R=0.04 is slower than that of the load condition of R=0.5 for both 12% Cr steel and 1% Cr-Mo-V steel. 4) Crack growth rate of radial direction near surface of 12% Cr rotor is faster than that of transverse direction at the same part because of the difference in residual stresses. 5) Both creep and fatigue strengths of 12% Cr steel are superior to those of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel and the difference is thought the effect of climb and glide controlled creep by solid solution of alloying elements and dispersion of carbides.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 1974

For detection and localization of leaks in closed vessels or pipes carrying liquid flow, $^{51}$ Cr-EDTA and $^{51}$ Cr-DTPA were synthesized and, the column and batch equilibrium experiments were carried out. In the column experiment, the recovery of $^{51}$ Cr-EDTA is 100% in quartz sand and 80.9% in steel sawdust, and that of $^{51}$ Cr-DTPA is 77.4% in quartz sand and 6.4% in steel sawdust. The recovery curve. $^{51}$ Cr-DTPA system in steel sawdust does not show a certain plateau, exceptionally. In general, $^{51}$ Cr-EDTA is adsorbed less than $^{51}$ Cr-DTPA. In the batch equilibrium experiment, the distribution coefficients (Kd) and effect of pH were investigated by using quartz sand, montmorillonite, steel sawdust, and mixed cement raw material as media. In general, the Kd values for $^{51}$ Cr-EDTA are lower than that of $^{51}$ Cr-DTPA. The Kd values for $^{51}$ Cr-EDTA are almost zero at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.209-223
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• 1998

The aim of this study was to evaluate welders' exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and nickel (Ni) during welding operations in a Korean shipyard. The airborne Cr(VI) and Ni concentrations were measured during metal inert gas (MIG) welding on mild and stainless steel, and manual metal arc (MMA) welding on mild steel. The geometric mean (GM) of Cr(VI) concentrations inside the welding helmet during MIG welding on mild steel were $0.0018mg/m^3$ inside a ship section, and $0.0015-0.0026mg/m^3$ at the welding shops. All of the personal breathing zone air samples were below the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value ($TLV^{(R)}$) of $0.01mg/m^3$. Conversely, eighty-eight percent(21 of 24) of the personal breathing zone air samples exceeded the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit of $0.001mg/m^3$. Ni was not detected on 20 of 23 air samples collected during MIG welding on mild steel. The three Ni samples above the limit of detection ranged from 0.015 to $0.044mg/m^3$. The GM of Cr(VI) concentrations during MMA welding on mild steel were $0.0013mg/m^3$, but Ni was not detected in the air samples during this operation. It is assumed that the airborne Cr(VI) and Ni during mild steel welding were derived from the base metals which contained about 0.03% Cr and 0.03% Ni. The GM of airborne total Cr, Cr(VI) and Ni concentrations during MIG welding on stainless steel were 4.02, 0.13 and $0.86mg/m^3$, respectively, and the levels of Cr(VI) and Ni were above the ACGIH-$TLV^{(R)}$. Cr(VI) comprised about 35.5% of the total chromium(Cr) from MIG welding on mild steel, and about 8.4% of total Cr from MIG welding on stainless steel. The ratios of Cr(VI) to total Cr were significantly different among welding shops. It was concluded that welders were exposed to high levels of Cr(VI) and Ni during welding on stainless steel, and were exposed to low levels of Cr(VI) even during welding on mild steel.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.313-323
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• 2022

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-Ni steel and Cr-Ni steel-matrix nanocomposites reinforced with nano-ZrO₂ particles were investigated in this study. Cr-Ni steel and Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposites were produced using a combination of high-energy ball milling, pressing, and sintering processes. The microstructures of the specimens were analyzed using EDX and XRD. Compression and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens. Nano-ZrO₂ particles were effective in preventing chrome carbide precipitate at the grain boundaries. While t-ZrO₂ was detected in Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposites, m-ZrO₂ could not be found. Few α'-martensite and deformation bands were formed in the microstructures of Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposites. Although nano-ZrO₂ particles had a negligible impact on the strength improvement provided by deformation-induced plasticity mechanisms in Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposites, the mechanical properties of Cr-Ni steel were significantly improved by using nano-ZrO₂ particles. The hardness and compressive strength of Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposite were higher than those of Cr-Ni steel and enhanced as the weight fraction of nano-ZrO₂ particles increased. Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposite with 5wt.% nano-ZrO₂ particles had almost twofold the hardness and compressive strength of Cr-Ni steel. The nano-ZrO₂ particles were considerably more effective on particle-strengthening mechanisms than deformation-induced strengthening mechanisms in Cr-Ni/ZrO₂ nanocomposites.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.90-96
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• 2009

Ultrasonic method using SH(shear horizontal) wave has been developed to determine the surface damage in fatigued material. Fatigue damages based on propagation energy were analyzed by multi-regression analysis in interrupted fatigue test specimen including CrMoV and 12Cr alloy steel. From the test results, as the fatigue damage increased the propagation time of the launched waves increased and amplitude of wavelet decreased. Also, analysis for the waveform modulation showed a reliable estimation, with confidence limit of 97% for 12Cr steel and 95% for CrMoV steel, respectively. Therefore, It is thought that SH ultrasonic wave technique can be applied to determine fatigue damage of in-service component nondestructively.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.15 no.2 s.83
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• pp.112-117
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• 2006

Sliding wear mechanism of a high nitrogen austenitic 18Cr-18Mn-2Mo-0.9N steel has been investigated. Dry sliding wear tests of the steel were carried out at various loads of IN-10N under a constant sliding speed condition of 0.15m/s against AISI 52100 bearing steel balls. Solution ($1050^{\circ}C$) and isothermal aging ($900^{\circ}C$) heat treatments were performed on the steel and the effect of the heat treatments on the wear was investigated. Wear rates of the solution-treated steel specimen remained low until 5N load, and then increased abruptly at loads above 5N. The rates of isothermally aged specimens were low and increased gradually with the applied load. Worn surfaces, their cross sections, and wear debris of the steel specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscopy. Phases of the heat-treated specimen and the wear debris were identified using XRD. The transformed phase underneath a sliding track was investigated and analyzed using a TEM. Effects of the phase transformation during the wear and $Cr_{2}N$ precipitates formed during the isothermal aging on the wear of the austenitic steel were discussed.