• Mycobiology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2002

A study on comparative efficacy and in vitro activity of fresh cow urine and cow dung for controlling Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of cucumber was carried out following mycelial growth inhibition test, treated and untreated sclerotia with these organic matters at different days of incubation. Results showed that cow urine suppressed more effectively the mycelial growth even after 5 days of incubation in comparison to cow dung. The highest inhibition 75.9% of mycelial growth was recorded in cow dung potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) after 3 days of incubation and least 22.7% was in cow dung potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) after same days of incubation. Mycelial growth from sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was also influenced by PDA medium mixed with cow urine and cow dung. After 6 days of incubation in CUPDA mycelial growth was only 12.9 mm whereas in CDPDA and PDA the corresponding growth at the same time were 65.8 mm and 80.0 mm. Treated sclerotia of the selected fungus with cow urine had a very effective role on suppression of mycelial growth than that of untreated one. No mycelial growth was observed up to 4 days in treated sclerotia with cow urine. After 5 days only 0.9 mm mycelial growth was measured in treated sclerotia, while in case of untreated sclerotia the growth was 42.6 mm. Application of cow urine and cow dung on growing plants inoculated with the pathogen at different concentrations also proved their inhibitive effects.

• Mycobiology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.51-54
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• 2002

This paper deals with the study on comparative efficacy and in vitro activity of cow urine and cow dung for controlling root rot disease of cucumber caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae Snyder & Hansen following slide germination and mycelial growth inhibition tests. Results showed that both germination of conidia and the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth decreased or suppressed and varied greatly with respect to different hour and days of incubation and kind of bio-matters. In between two bio-matters cow urine was found more effective than that of cow dung in conidial germination. No germination of conidia was recorded after one hour of incubation in any medium whereas in cow urine germination of conidia was not also observed even after 2 hours of incubation. After 7 hours of incubation out of 200 conidia of F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, 28 in cow urine and 64 in cow dung were germinated while in control a total germinated conidia was 185. In case of percentage inhibition of conidial germination the highest percentage(100%) was recorded in cow urine after 2 hours of incubation followed by 3 hours(96.0%), 4 hours(91.0%) and 6 hours(89.4%). During the test on inhibition of mycelial growth, the highest percentage(62.8%) was recorded in cow urine potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) medium tested after 4 days of incubation, followed by 3 days(60.5%), 5 days(56.5%) and 2 days(55.0%). In this test cow dung potato dextrose agar(CDPDA) had less efficacy in suppression of the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1130-1142
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• 2023

Objective: Cow urine possesses several bioactive properties but the responsible components behind these bioactivities are still far from identified. In our study, we tried to identify the possible components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by exploring the peptidome and metabolome. Methods: We extracted peptides from the urine of Sahiwal cows belonging to three different physiological states viz heifer, lactation, and pregnant, each group consisting of 10 different animals. The peptides were extracted using the solid phase extraction technique followed by further extraction using ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was evaluated against different pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The safety of urinary aqueous extract was evaluated by hemolysis and cytotoxicity assay on the BuMEC cell line. The urinary peptides were further fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the fraction(s) containing the antimicrobial activity. The HPLC fractions and ethyl acetate extract were analyzed using nLC-MS/MS for the identification of the peptides and metabolites. Results: A total of three fractions were identified with antimicrobial activity, and nLC-MS/MS analysis of fractions resulted in the identification of 511 sequences. While 46 compounds were identified in the metabolite profiling of organic extract. The urinary aqueous extract showed significant activity against E. coli as compared to S. aureus and S. agalactiae and was relatively safe against mammalian cells. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of cow urine is a consequence of the feeding habit. The metabolites of plant origin with several bioactivities are eliminated through urine and are responsible for their antimicrobial nature. Secondly, the plethora of peptides generated from the activity of endogenous proteases on protein shed from different parts of tissues also find their way to urine. Some of these sequences possess antimicrobial activity due to their amino acid composition.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.107-110
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the quantity of Holstein dry cow manure excreted and their characteristics. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow; The average body weight of the Holstein dry cow during experiment was 619.9kg. The feed intake(DM basis) and water consumption was 10.7, 38.6kg/day/head, repectively. The manure production of Holstein dry cow was 44.8kg/day/head (feces 26.9, urine 17.9kg). The moisture content of feces and urine was 84.5%, 95.3%, respectively. Wastewater pollutant concentration of $BOD_5$(Biochemical Oxygen demand), $COD_{Mn}$ (Chemical Oxygen demand), SS(Suspended Solids), T-N(Total Nitrogen) and T-P(Total Phosphorus), excreted from Holstein dry cow was 16,874,55,763, 87,333, 2,353, $368mg/{\ell}$ in feces and 5,621, 8,673, 518, 2,423, $3mg/{\ell}$ in urine, repectively. The fertilizer content of manure, N(Nitrogen), $P_2O_5$(Phosphoric acid) and $K_2O$(Potassium oxide) was 0.24, 0.08, 0.15% in feces and 0.24, 0.001, 0.30% in urine, respectively.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2002년도 생물공학의 동향 (X)
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• pp.558-561
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• 2002

In this study, a method for the localization of pregnancy-specific proteins from cow urine on 2-D gel have been established. The proteins were digested with trypsin in gel and then analyzed with MALDI- TOF or transferred to a membrane and microsequenced. To examine the pregnancy associated protein spot 2 as a diagnosis marker in bovine urine 2-D western blotting was performed. This antibody was reacted specifically in the protein of pregnant cow’s urine. Consequently spot 2 was identified and found to be good candidates for developing cow pregnancy detection assay kit.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.363.3-363
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• 2001

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.169-172
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• 2001

축산기술연구소 유우사에 있는 계류식 우사에서 홀스타인 착유우 6두를 공시하여 1998년 9월 2일부터 9월 11일까지 10일간 개체별로 계류하여 배합사료를 NRC 사양표준에 기준하여 급여하고 조사료로 옥수수 싸일 레지 및 목건초를 자유채식토록 하여 분뇨배설랑과 특성을 조사하였다. 시험기간중 착유우의 평균체중은 550.0kg 이었으며 평균 사료섭취량은 건물기준 16.7 kg이었다. 산유량은 평균 24.4kg이었으며, 음수량은 85.4l였다. 분뇨배실량은 평균 63.5 kg으로, 분이 42.3, 뇨가 21.2kg이있다. 분뇨의 특성에서 분과 뇨의 수분 함량은 각각 83.9, 96.9%였고, pH는 각각 6.6, 7.6으로 나타났다. 분의 $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N, T-P는 각각 16,560, 40,329, 78,500, 2,854, 577mg/$\ell$였고, 뇨의 $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N, T-P는 각각 4.580, 7.575, 370, 4,164, 7mg/l로 나타났다. 분뇨중의 중금속 함량은 상당히 낮은 수준으로 나타났다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.445-450
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• 1999

We purified and characterized a bovine pregnancy-associated protein in pregnant cow urine using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Urine from cows was collected according to their status of pregnancy and non-pregnancy. Proteins in the cow urine were fractionated with 50% ammonium sulfate prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins separated on the gels were compared in terms of expression level and new expression by molecular mass and isoelectric point. We localized two pregnancy-associated protein spots on the gels at molecular masses of 24 kDa and 20 kDa and isoelectric points of 5.5 and 5.7, respectively. Likewise, two non-pregnancy specific proteins were localized at 27 kDa and 28 kDa with isoelectric points of 5.7 and 5.9, respectively. To rule out the possibility that environmental or genetic factors might influence the expression of the proteins, we demonstrated the pregnancy-associated expression of the proteins in two-dimensional gels with pregnant urine taken from cows raised in a different institute. The pregnancy-associated protein with molecular mass of 20 kDa and isoelectric point of 5.7, namely spot 2, was microsequenced and found to be highly homologous to the bovine collagen alpha 1 chain.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2007

2005년 말을 기준으로 우리나라의 농림업 생산액은 총 36.3조원으로 이중 축산업 생산액은 11.8조원으로 전체 생산액의 32.5%를 차지하여 가장 많은 비율을 점유하고 있으며(농림부, 2006), 유제품의 소비량도 꾸준히 증가하여 1인당 63.6kg의 우유․유제품을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다(농촌경제연구원, 2005). 이 같은 성장은 축산농가들이 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위해 그동안 보여준 각고의 노력과 꾸준한 투자의 결과로 평가되고 있으며, 이제는 축산물이 국민의 식생활에서 없어서는 안될 중요한 위치를 차지하게 되었다. 우리나라의 가축사육두수는 1970년대부터 해마다 계속 증가하여 2005년 말 현재 한우 1,819천두, 젖소 479천두, 돼지 8,962천두, 닭 109,628천수가 사육되고 있으며 사육농가의 전업화로 인하여 농가수는 점차 줄어들고 있는 반면에 농가당 사육두수는 증가하고 있는 실정이다(농림부, 2005). 농가당 평균 가축사육두수는 한우 8.8두, 젖소 51.7두, 돼지 671.4두, 닭 813.0수이며, 이중 부업이 아닌 전업농으로 볼 수 있는 한우 50두 이상의 사육농가가 전체 한우농가의 2.9%, 젖소 50두 이상 사육농가가 46.8%, 돼지 1,000두 이상의 농가가 21.6%, 닭 30,000수 이상의 농가가 1.0%를 차지하고 있어, 젖소가 다른 축종에 비해 전업농의 규모가 가장 많이 이루어졌다고 볼 수 있다(농림부, 2005). 따라서 매년 축산농가로부터 발생되는 분뇨의 양도 증가되고 있으며, 1990년초부터는 가축분뇨가 작물의 비료원으로 쓰이는 순기능보다는 환경오염의 한 요인으로 지목되면서 토양, 수질 및 대기오염이라는 역기능이 더 부각됨에 따라 도시근교의 낙농가, 초지나 사료작물포를 확보하지 못한 목장, 상수원 보호구역내에 위치한 목장에서는 분뇨처리에 고심을 하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 특히 체격이 크고 방목지 및 운동장 등의 야외에서 사육되는 경우가 많은 젖소는 다른 가축에 비해 분뇨배설량이 많을 뿐 아니라, 운동장 등 축사 외부에서 활동하는 시간이 많기 때문에 주변으로부터 환경을 오염시키는 주범으로 지목을 받아 왔다. 또한 조사료 생산기반인 동시에 생산된 분뇨를 환원해야 할 경지면적이 협소한 상황에서 이루어진 젖소의 규모확대는 가축분뇨의 토양에 대한 부하를 높이게 되었고, 하천의 수질을 오염시키는 환경오염의 주범으로 인식되어 왔다. 이와같은 대내외적인 요인으로 인해 낙농가들은 목장의 규모에 관계없이, 분뇨를 적절하게 처리하는 것이 목장관리에 필수적인 사항으로 인식하게 되었다. 가축분뇨는 2, 3차 산업에서 발생하는 폐기물과는 그 성격 자체가 판이하게 달라 제도적 접근 방식도 나라와 환경에 따라 현격하게 다르다. 미국과 EC의 경우는 가축분뇨 자체를 환경보전재(Natural Resource)로 규정하고 적정한 사용방법을 정립하여 계도(Guide) 하므로서 환경을 보전하는 적극적인 환경보전 제도를 채택하고 있으며, 일본의 경우는 방류수의 수질을 규제하는 소극적 환경보전 제도로 출발했으나 1993년부터는 환경보전형 농업(축산)으로 정책방향을 전환하여 실행해 오고 있다. 우리나라도 이미 1981년부터 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지제도(법)가 시행되어 왔으나 법의 시행으로부터 25년이 경과한 현재까지도 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염은 사회로부터 계속 지탄을 받고 있는 상태이다. 가축분뇨의 처리방식은 축종이나 농가 경영여건별로 크게 다르나, 궁극적으로는 경작지에 퇴비․액비 형태로 살포하여 이용하거나 또는 정화하여 방류하는 방법으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 젖소분뇨 또는 슬러리 처리에 필요한 시설 또는 활용계획을 세우기 위해서는 젖소로부터 배출되는 분뇨의 특성뿐만 아니라 오염물질 및 비료성분 배출량 추정이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 젖소분뇨를 효율적이고 적절하게 처리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고 국가단위 관리방안을 제시하기 위하여 수행하였다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1247-1247
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• 2001

Constituents of animal biofluids such as milk, blood and urine contain information specifically related to metabolic and health status of the ruminant animals. Some changes in composition of biofluids can be attributed to disease response of the animals. Mastitis is a major problem for the global dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses from decreasing milk production and reducing milk quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential of NIRS combined with multivariate analysis for cow's mastitis diagnosis based on NIR spectra of milk, blood and urine. A total of 112 bulk milk, urine and blood samples from 4 Holstein cows were analyzed. The milk samples were collected from morning milking. The urine samples were collected before morning milking and stored at -35$^{\circ}C$ until spectral analysis. The blood samples were collected before morning milking using a catheter inserted into the carotid vein. Heparin was added to blood samples to prevent coagulation. All milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count (SCC). The SCC content in milk was used as indicator of mastitis and as quantitative parameter for respective urine and blood samples collected at same time. NIR spectra of blood and milk samples were obtained by InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer, using a transflectance mode. NIR spectra of urine samples were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer, using 1 mm sample thickness. All samples were divided into calibration set and test set. Class variable was assigned for each sample as follow: healthy (class 1) and mastitic (class 2), based on milk SCC content. SIMCA was implemented to create models of the respective classes based on NIR spectra of milk, blood or urine. For the calibration set of samples, SIMCA models (model for samples from healthy cows and model for samples from mastitic cows), correctly classified from 97.33 to 98.67% of milk samples, from 97.33 to 98.61% of urine samples and from 96.00 to 94.67% of blood samples. From samples in the test set, the percent of correctly classified samples varied from 70.27 to 89.19, depending mainly on spectral data pretreatment. The best results for all data sets were obtained when first derivative spectral data pretreatment was used. The incorrect classified samples were 5 from milk samples,5 and 4 from urine and blood samples, respectively. The analysis of changes in the loading of first PC factor for group of samples from healthy cows and group of samples from mastitic cows showed, that separation between classes was indirect and based on influence of mastitis on the milk, blood and urine components. Results from the present investigation showed that the changes that occur when a cow gets mastitis influence her milk, urine and blood spectra in a specific way. SIMCA allowed extraction of available spectral information from the milk, urine and blood spectra connected with mastitis. The obtained results could be used for development of a new method for mastitis detection.