• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.113-118
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• 2007

In this study, we select a site adopting real composite precast concrete method. Estimating real construction cost and imaginary cost appling reinforced concrete method in the site, we compare the costs. Through using high intensity concrete and prestressed concrete, amount of concrete is reduced more than 50% but there isn't big gap in material cost. In the main construction cost of composite precast concrete method, the material cost with production cost and transportation cost are in that, joints and topping concrete are account for 90%. But in case of reinforced concrete, labor cost spent at concrete steel bar and form is account for 30%. In the cost of attached, compared with composite precast concrete method, the reinforced concrete method taken in big portion by temporary work and scaffolding is twice as much as composite precast concrete method in construction cost. Therefore, economic efficiency is excellent reducing 11% total cost of composite precast concrete method from the reinforced concrete method.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2000

A long-term bed rest results in an inevitable foot drop. Yet preventive device such as a foot board and high-neck tennis shoes, are not widely used. This study was conducted to compare the effects of a pillow-type foot board with that of the band-type device. The band-type device of a resonable price is designed for an effective prevention of foot drop, and the convenience for it use. Among the non-equivalent control group design, foot drop preventive effects, usefulness of the device, as well as its cost effectiveness were examined. The study was carried out for four months from December 1999, and its subject had been patients and nurses of two intensive care units at K medical center in Seoul. According to the study purpose, the data collected were analyzed by $x^2-test$ and t-test. The results are as follow : 1. The ROM of ankle joint is promoted in the experimental group with a band-type device comparing the control group with a pillow type one. Dorsiflexion is particularly increased in the experimental group as compared with the control group, while planterflexion hardly shows any change. 2. The usefulness score of the experimental group nurses using the band-type device (23.97) is higher than that of the control group nurses (18.88). 3. In an aspect of the unit production cost, band-type devices are low-priced compare with pillow-type or other foot board (wooden) or high-neck tennis shoes. In summary, the newly developed band-type device is both useful and preventive for a foot drop. It is also desirable regarding to the production cost and the cost effectiveness. This fact proves that the new anti-foot drop device could be practical both for clinical care and home care. Yet the results were obtained by some subjects, it should be used after a further examination. More effective nursing intervention could be observed throughout general studies, including proper positioning and foot and ankle exercises which are the important variables of the foot drop prevention.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify clubhouses general characteristics, core services, funding sources and costs in Korean Clubhouse Model, and to compare with Korean and international clubhouses. We explored the annual budget, cost per member, and cost per visit for 1 year. Methods: The data were collected from 14 Korean clubhouses and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation with the SPSS 14.0 program. Results: The average of clubhouse operating period was 8.2 years. There were an average of 40.4 active members; among them, 84.1% were schizophrenia. In addition, there were an average of 5.8 staff and 15.3 services in each clubhouse. Cost estimates were as follows: annual budget (excluding housing) $223.633, cost per member $5,704, and cost per visit $21.35. There were significant difference among the annual budget, number of staff, number of service, and active members, but hours of Work-Ordered Day and social activities hours were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Findings provide a more understanding of operations, programs, and costs of Korean clubhouses.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.863-871
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• 2002

To compare the costs incurred by infant feeding between mothers who breastfed their infants and those who fed them infant formula, a questionnaire survey was carried out to 136 mothers living in Seoul, Cheongju and Chungju who breastfed and 199 mothers who formula-fed their infants. The cost of formula-feeding was estimated based on the expenditures for formula and feeding apparatus, and the time needed to wash bottles and prepare formula. The cost of breastfeeding was estimated based on the expenditures for food for the additional nutritional intake of these mothers. The mean cost of formula-feeding was ￦ 1,870,125 during the first year of the baby＇s life. The food cost for the additional nutritional intake of the breastfeeding mothers was ￦ 203.004 per year. The extra medical cost for respiratory illnesses in the formula-fed group compared to the breastfed group was W 62,920 because the formula-fed infants required medical attention for respiratory illnesses more often than the breast-fed infants. Therefore, breastfeeding could save ￦ 1,730,041 during the first year of an infant＇s life. We may have underestimated the cost savings from breastfeeding because we did not take into account the potentially decreased costs of fertility control and the health benefits for mothers. as well as the decreased usage of water and gas. Analyses showed that breastfeeding is not only nutritionally advantageous, but also economically advantageous for families and society.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.513-522
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• 2019

We calculate the benefit of distributed combined heat power generators from avoiding a transmission expansion cost by building distributed generators near electricity demand centers. We determine a transmission expansion plan by solving a mixed integer linear problem, where we modify capacities of existing transmission lines and build new transmission lines. We calculate the benefit by comparing the sum of generation and transmission expansion costs with or without distributed generators through two simulation frames. In the first frame, for the current demand, we substitute existing distributed generators for non-distributed generators and measure an additional cost to balance the generation and demand. In the second frame, for increased future demand, we compare the cost to invest only in distributed generators to the cost to invest only in non-distributed generators. As a result, we show that the distributed generators have at least 5.8 won/kWh of the benefit from avoiding the transmission expansion cost.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.423-426
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• 2002

The foundation for developing a cost estimation system based on historical data has been being prepared in Korea. Historical data is a priori of developing a cost estimation model. Cost Index, one of the historical data, is used to estimate construction cost and to adjust the amount of contract money in the foreign country, whereas it is not used in domestic except for the road construction project in Korea. Construction cost indices can be used by an estimator in tender analysis, pricing, price adjustment, cost planning, and forecasting. In this regards, this paper identified the problems in developing Cost Index evaluation process by comparing the standard of framing Cost Index used in British to the one used in Korea. Then, the scheme for improving a Cost Index required for Site Developing Construction was proposed. Twenty-two cases of engineering estimate data were used to compare the domestic standard to the foreign one in deriving a Cost Index.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Public institutions recognize the importance of cost management from the planning stage but they do not have an organized construction cost estimation and management system. Thus, at the stage of planning a new public construction project and estimating the cost, those in charge of budgeting estimate construction cost based on existing data and experiences, compare construction cost estimated after the basic design stage and the execution design stage with budgets, and then decide whether to continue the project or change the design according to the budgets. Therefore, we would develop the cost prediction model through regression analysis that can predict construction cost in Schematic Design Phase of the Public Multi-Family housing. Accordingly, if public institutions have a construction cost prediction model and management system that can estimate the optimum construction cost, they can make and execute budgets in a more efficient way than they do at present.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.13-25
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• 2022

Purpose : This study compared the cost-effectiveness ratio of physical therapy in health centers and home physical therapy, two physical therapy methods for home-bound stroke patients, and clarified the economic validity regarding the effect of home physical therapy. Methods : To measure and compare the cost and effectiveness of the two physical therapy methods for stroke patients, subjects were recruited based on in-hospital and home physical therapy. Among the entire data collected, 82 and 90 participants were selected for in-hospital and home physical therapy, respectively. To measure costs, regarding both in-hospital and home physical therapy, direct cost and indirect cost for patients, family, medical institutes, and the government were measured. In addition, activities of daily living were measured in both methods to measure their effectiveness. Through collected data, the cost-effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were analyzed. Results : Based on the analysis of cost-effectiveness, home physical therapy showed lower cost-effectiveness than in-hospital physical therapy. Furthermore, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio also showed a difference, which implied home physical therapy could have high effectiveness compared to cost. Conclusion : Based on these results, home physical therapy could be considered as an alternativeto other methods of physical therapy, for home-bound stroke patients. In addition, the result of thisstudy contribute by providing evidence that home physical therapy offers economic benefits and canbe more effective in treating home-bound patients when policy decisions are made to establish a home physical therapy system.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to compare medical cost of hospice care and that of conventional care during the last year of life, and identify factors that influenced the cost. From January to August 2003 592 terminal cancer patients receiving care from 5 hospice care units and 2 hospice care teams in general hospitals were enrolled to case group. Two hundreds and seventy two terminal cancer patients receiving conventional care from 7 general hospitals were enrolled to hospital-based control group, and 1,636 terminal cancer patients from 122 general hospitals located in same regions with the 7 hospitals were enrolled to community-based control. We used characteristics and medical cost from data of National Health Insurance Cooperation. Total medical cost per beneficiary in cases was about 10 millions won, 14.5 millions in hospital-based controls and 11.1 millions in community-based controls. The hospice care saved $45\%$ over the last year of life compared with hospital-based controls (p<0.0001). Saving of inpatient cost account for approximately $80\%$ of saving per beneficiary. Hospice care saved $29\%$ of medical cost per hospitalization day compared with hospital­based controls and $17\%$ compared with community-based controls (p<0.0001). Multiple regression analyses showed that hospice care significantly saved the medical cost. This study suggest that hospice care save medical cost compared with hospital-based control and community-based control. Most of saving of inpatient cost account for approximately $80\%$ of saving of medical cost.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.5 s.108
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• pp.717-724
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• 2006

The cost estimation of software is getting more important as the portion of software is increasing in acquiring weapon systems. However, the cost estimation of embedded software in a weapon system follows the cost estimation method for general purpose softwares and uses the PRICE S model as a tool. However, any validation result of the estimated cost through an evaluated software size is not well known. Hence, we propose an approach to estimate the cost through evaluating the embedded software site in weapon systems. In order to achieve our research goal, we evaluate the software size of using the line of codes and function points which are produced by the PRICE S model. Finally, we compare the estimated cost data the actual cost data provided by the production company. As a result, we propose an approach to estimate the size and the cost of embedded software in weapon systems which are not easy to estimate objectively. We also expect that the Proposed approach is used for the cost validation and negotiation in the acquisition of weapon systems in the future.