• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.54-64
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• 2002

This study evaluated advanced water treatment (AWT) system in Korea. There are currently 16 plants operating with AWT. However, no attempt has been made to evaluate AWT system. This study selected one water treatment plant with AWT (pre-ozonation ＋ BAC). Using the operation data from 1995 to 2001 and pilot study results, the post-evaluation of the AWT system has been conducted. The study found that AWT improved water qualities of organic, ammonia, and turbidity, as expected. However, the extent of the improvement was generally short of the pilot study expectations. Pre-ozonation failed to decrease coagulant consumption. The dosage increased rather than decreased. AWT was, however, successful to decrease chlorine consumption. The chlorine reduction was related to the change in raw water characteristics and AWT introduction. Pre-ozonation failed to decrease coagulant consumption. The dosage increased rather than decreased. AWT was, however, successful to decrease chlorine consumption. The chlorine reduction was related to the change in raw water characteristics and AWT introduction, Both operation of pre-ozonation and reduced ammonia loading were responsible for the reduction. AWT increased the operation cost. Maintenance, raw water, and power cost increased, while labor and chemical cost decreased. Manpower reduction resulting form automation caused the decrease of labor cost. The reduction of chlorine consumption caused the decrease of chemical cost.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2013

Seven diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) prospective payment system is going to expand to all hospitals including university hospitals this year. However there are few studies on the change of practice pattern under prospective payment system in the university hospital setting. So This study was intended to predict the practice pattern change after the introduction of 7 DRGs prospective payment system in a university hospital setting. To predict the change of practice pattern, this study used simulation technique. Five hundred and nineteen patients classified as 5 DRGs in a university hospital were selected for simulation. The change of practice pattern were predicted based on clinicians' opinion. We also predicted payment change by service items. Major findings of this study are as follows. First, the total medical payment was reduced by 14.4%. The drug payment change (8.8%) took most of total payment reduction. The followings are the change of treatment material cost (3.2%), the change of laboratory tests cost (1.8%), the change of room charge (0.5%), and other payment change (0.1%), respectively. Second, most of the reduction in total medical payment resulted from the decreased amount of medical services themselves. The transfer of medical services to outpatient setting took up only 4.9% of the total payment reduction. The change of unit price or composition took up 5.5% of the total payment reduction. In this study we found that it is possible to reduce the inpatient services through practice pattern change in university hospital setting. However, it needs to be careful to adjust DRG payment after the reduction of provided services, because most of reduction was not due to service transfer but to service volume reduction. It is desirable to utilize the saving from practice pattern change as incentive to improve quality of care.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.93-103
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• 1983

In this paper, we study an optimal service policy of the M/M/2/K queueing system with two types of customers. The incurred costs consist of waiting cost, service cost and incurred costs consist of waiting cost, service cut and changeover cost. The changeover cost occurs when a server who assigned to serve a particular type of customers reassigned to the other types of customers. Two servers serve two types of customers who arrive to the two separate queues. The two types of customers differ in respect of their arrival rate, service rate, waiting cost, and service cost. The servers require a policy, for determining when they should change their service type, which minimizes the long run expected total cost. The policy is obtained by a Markov decision process model that consists of a finite number of states and actions. In order to find the optimal service policy, we define states and actions of the system, compute onestep transition probabilities, and apply to the successive approximations algorithm.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1164-1177
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• 2005

As the software development process becomes complicated, software requirements become complicated, too. Many efforts are needed in requirements management. It is impossible to define all requirements of software at first, and the development environment changes as project is gone. As the cost of requirements change management is much more than development cost, the changes should be controled immediately through systematic change management. In this paper, I suggest a method to manage requirements change systematically based on the change management process in software product lines. The requirements change at the application engineering process is analyzed and managed using the domain engineering process because the application requirements are customized from the domain requirements in software product lines. Such the consistent change management helps to make decisions about changes by change impact analysis and alternative solution design. Through this method, the potential change costs can be saved because same change requests are not repeated by controlling the change requests completely.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to analysis satisfaction and additional cost scale about environmental-friendly agri-product school meal program. To analysis satisfaction about environmental-friendly agri-product (EFAP), parent' survey were conducted residing in Cheonan city. The sample size of the survey is 304 respectively. As a result, parents of students recognized that EFAP is good for their children as well as they really want to change food material from general agri-product to EFAP. Therefore, environmental-friendly agri-policy to be more focused on consumption behavior and food security needs. In order to perfectly change food material to EFAP, about l trillion won will be additionally needed. It means that the market demand of EFAP will be dramatically increased. On the other hand, safe school meal program is one of the most important in a child's life, vital for proper growth and development.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.3-9
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• 2011

In this study, the change of critical elements of the design evaluation was investigated during two decades at the architectural competition which was held nationwide in Germany. Specifically, the periods of investigation span both from July 1989 to June 1990 and from July 2009 to June 2010. The results of the analysis show that the cost of construction, the maintenance cost, the design of facade and the energy conservation are being magnified for the new important elements. The images of buildings and the economic aspects are meant to be high. The frequency of the critical elements for interior spaces is approximately two times more important than those for the forms and outdoor spaces. Overall, many juries of the architectural competition in Germany were interested in the elements for interior spaces. The field of function accounts for roughly the half of four basic architectural fields such as function, others, aesthetic and construction fields. The critical elements are required persistently such as context, Circulation, organization of space, form, landscape and outdoor space design, arrangement of building, cost of construction, function, design of facade, location of main entrance. These items are regarded as the most important elements of the design evaluation at the competition. Knowing the change of critical elements of the design evaluation, we can understand the trend of architecture in Germany. The results of this study can be applied in Korea to develop the critical elements of design.

• Architectural research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

Since the late 1980s, the schedule technique applied to the construction industry around the world has rapidly changed from the traditional ADM (Arrow Diagramming Method) to the PDM (Precedence Diagramming Method) technique. The main reason for this change is to overcome the limits and inconveniences of the traditional ADM technique. The time-cost trade-off is one of the core scheduling techniques to establish the best optimized combination plan in terms of a relationship between the cost and schedule. However, most of the schedule-related textbooks and research papers have discussed and proposed applications of a time-cost trade-off technique based only on the Finish to Start relationship. Therefore, there are almost no consideration and discussion of problems or restrictions that emerge when the time-cost trade-off technique is applied to the PDM network that has overlapping relationships. This paper proposes the lead-time adjustment method as a methodology for overcoming some restrictions that are encountered when the time-cost trade-off technique is applied to the overlapping relationships of the PDM network.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-55
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• 2010

This study aims to estimate potential climate change damage in Korea using the PAGE model. This study reviewed previous a reasearch to compare relative sensitivity to climate change in Korea and other regions to generate climate change damage function. It was found that sensitivity to climate change in Korea is similar to other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. This study estimated climate change impact for three scenarios. If no action is taken, climate change damage cost in Korea could reach US$ 12,928 ~ 57,900 M. Cumulative Net Present Value (NPV)of climate change impact from 1990 to 2100 would be between US$ 143,226 ~ 921,701 Mdepending on emission scenarios. However, this result should be interpreted with caution as it draws its damage function based on only a few available references. Results also showed that an adaptation policy could decrease the degree of climate change impact significantly. If an adaptation policy is implemented, climate change impact will be decreased by US$ 11,355 million dollars in Korea in 2100.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.13-22
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• 2018

At the time when zero energy building is expected to be generalized, this study examines whether the investment in the passive element or the active element is more effective in terms of energy in the construction process of zero energy building. In other words, the effect of energy demand by passive element and the change of energy generation by active element are examined in terms of the same investment cost. The purpose of this study is to examine the change of energy demand by passive element and the change of energy generation by active element in zero energy building and to make reasonable investment decision by comparing energy with cost aspect. For this purpose, we selected the buildings to be subjected to energy simulation and derive the required energy amount and energy generation amount by using meteorological data of four regions in Korea. The change of energy demand and energy generation according to the change of application condition was derived. In order to compare and analyze the changes in energy demand and generation at the same cost standard through price survey and quotation of window and photovoltaic power generation equipment.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.11d
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• pp.70-72
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• 2002

LPM that is used for head driver is problem of miniaturization of construction and cost. This can be achieved by most suitable shape decision. and suitable selection of control system. Specially, in LPM that Full step is mm$\sim$um unit. the large change of thrust receives much effect by tooth number per pole. tooth width and slot width about change of the air gap length. Therefore, this paper presents LPM that use for suitable head driver to reduce of the structure and the cost. to generate maximum thrust of LPM, and finds the proportion of the tooth pitch to tooth width and the slot width about change of the air gap length through FEM analysis. Also, applying different tooth width and slot width that is given as analysis result. this paper presented model that thrust is improved.