• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to find out the effect of soil improvement on the changes of soil physical properties and the silage yield of corn in the newly-reclaimed sloped land. Corn (Suweon 19) was cultivated under the six different treatments at Songjeong loam, 20 percent slope, during 1985 to 1987 and various soil physical properties and silage yield were investigated. Growing Degree Days of corn during the growing season were $820.6^{\circ}C$ in 1985, $810.2^{\circ}C$ in 1986, and $812.4^{\circ}C$ in 1987. The changes of soil bulk density were high variances by different treatments in 1st year, but sluggish in 2nd year. In 3rd year, the control plot was the highest, but the integrated improvement plot was the lowest than the other plots. Soil hardness was reduced in subsoiling and integrated improvement plot with deep plowing, and water stable aggregates and air permeability were higher in these plots. Moisture retention was no differences between treatments. Dry matter yield of corn was decreased in the 2nd year than the 1st year, but increased in the 3rd year. Increasing ratio of yield was in the order of integrated improvement > subsoiling > lime > phosphate > compost > control plot. Correlation among the dry matter yield and soil physical properties were significant at 1%, but moisture retention of soil was not significant at 5%.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1976

The physiological saline solution for animals is known as Ringer's solution which is used for keeping the function of cold blooded vertebrate animals. Primaily the saline solution is used for the purpose of perfusion experiment in frogs. Later the saline solution is applied in several kinds of animals including human being with satisfactory results. However, this saline solution was introduced to silkworm and it was found that the result was not as successful as in the case of other animals and human being. Normally, in the case of silkworm, the physiological saline solution is prepared in order to maintain the normal function of separated organs and tissues. To this end, the saline solution is adjusted to contain the certain amount and strength of ions, osmosis pressure and hydrogen concentration. The most of cases, the physiological saline solution should be prepared so that the constituent of the solution be the same with the blood selium and body fluid. The hydrogen concentration in the ion element of the saline solution is adjustable by adding Na$\^$＋/, K$\^$＋/, Ca$\^$＋＋/, Mg$\^$＋＋/ which are followed by adding of buffer solution such as NaHCO$_3$and NaH$_2$PO$_4$. Determination of optimum concentration of cation in the physiological saline solution, and the optimum mixing rate of more than two kinds of cations are based on the movement of dorsal vessel in the silkworm larvae. The optimum concentration of cations in the solution is prepared by adding NaCl solution which is under zero point. However, this solution was further added with the different concentration of KCl and CaCl$_2$. By dropping the prepared solution on the 5th larvae, the effects of solution was measured. The measurement was done by observation of movement' of dorsal vessel and its time length, and the number of pulses. According to the experiment, it was found that when only NaCl solution was applied, the number of pulses is increased for a moment, and the pulse stopped after one hour or so. When KCl solution was added the time of pulse was prolonged and in the contrast, the number of pulses was slow down. If KCl and CaCl$_2$solutions are added the time of pulse was further prolonged. Even though the adding of KCl and CaCl$_2$are found to be effectible, the correlation between the concentration of solution and the movement of dorsal vessel was not observed. However, it was same in the case of adding Ca$\^$＋＋/ or K$\^$＋/. It was found that when Mg$\^$＋＋/ was added to dorsal vessel the number of the pulses was not decreased although the prolonged time pulse was observed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of washing time and the addition of sodium chloride(2%) on the quality characteristics of surimi made with chicken breast. The control(C) prepared from Alaska pollack was washed 2 times without sodium chloride. For the test treatments, ground chicken breast was washed 2 times only(T1), washed 2 times followed by the addition of sodium chloride(T2), washed 3 times(T3), washed 4 times with added sodium chloride(T4), washed 6 times(T5), and washed 6 times with added sodium chloride(T6) to produce chicken breast surimi. The $L^*,\;a^*$, W, shear force, and juiciness values were significantly higher, but the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, aroma, flavor, and overall acceptability of Tl were significantly lower than those of the control(p<0.05). The $L^*$ value decreased as the washing time increased, and the $a^*$ and W values were significantly higher, however the hardness, breaking force, gel strength, shear force, and overall sensory scores of the samples washed 2 times were lower than those washed 4 and 6 times (p<0.05). The $L^*,\;b^*$, and shear force values were significantly lower but the $a^*$, W, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, folding test results and overall sensory scores were significantly higher due to the addition of sodium chloride (p<0.05). The correlation coefficients(r>0.6) for the overall sensory scores and other items were positive for the folding test, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and flavor, but negative for shear force(p<0.05). Overall, T4 had the highest qualities and economic value among all treatments.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.441-446
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• 2001

Flumazenil is a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepines. It is usually administered intravenously. However, if the intravenous route is not available then other routes of drug administration should be considered. This study was designed to evaluate the reversal effects of flumazenil after nasal administration. Twenty-five young, healthy adult volunteers participated in this clinical trial. The dosage of 0.08mg/kg midazolam was administered intravenously to induce deep sedation. Ten minutes after midazolam administration, 0.5mg of flumazenil was dropped nasally, over a period of one minute. Blood samples were taken to measure the concentration of midazolam and flumazenil at 0, 5, 10, and 20min after nasal administration of flumazenil, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The degree of sedation was evaluated with sedation score and bispectral index (BIS), Statistical analysis was performed by multivariate ANOVA and correlation analysis (P<0.05). Peak serum flumazenil concentration was reached in 10min. Sedation score decreased after midazolam administration and showed a significant increase after flumazenil administration. However, BIS decreased during the first 10min after midazolam administration and then no significant changes after flumazenil administration. There were two instances representing rapid and complete reversal of midazolam after intranasal administration of flumazenil. In conclusion, intranasal flumazenil administration may be effective in some patients when intravenous route is not available in condition of benzodiazepine overdose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.955-961
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the amounts of vitamin C in 22 sweet potato cultivars cultivated in Korea as well as evaluate the effects of cooking methods on vitamin C contents. Methods for determining vitamin C was validated by determining linearity, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy using HPLC. Results showed high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation ($R^2$) of 0.9999. The LOD and LOQ values for ascorbic acid (AA) were 0.03 and $0.10{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra- and inter-day precision of AA were less than 5%. The recovery rates of AA and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) were in the range from 98.21~98.64 and 98.28~100.68%, respectively. Depending on cultivar, contents of AA, DHA, and total ascorbic acid (TA) in sweet potatoes varied in the range from 37.76 (Sinyulmi)~89.25 (Juhwangmin), 23.37 (Sinjami)~63.94 (Sinyulmi), and 68.52 (Sinjami)~115.95 (Juhwangmin) mg/100 g, respectively, and their average levels were $56.98{\pm}12.53$, $36.46{\pm}9.03$, and $93.44{\pm}12.00mg/100g$, respectively. The average TA levels were also dependent on flesh color, whish was significantly higher in general sweet potato and orange sweet potato than in purple sweet potato. Steaming, baking, and frying processes significantly reduced AA (10.61~58.41%), DHA (2.57~52.81%), and TA (14.54~49.92%) contents in sweet potatoes. The highest reduction of AA, DHA, and TA contents was observed after baking, followed by steaming and frying. We expect that the basic information provided by this study will be useful to plant breeders and food scientists.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-93
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• 1994

Clinical study was carried out on the 64 hemodialysis patients(HD) with chronic renal failure who had been treated from December 1992 to July 1993 in Yeungnam University Hospital. The following results were obitained. In hematologic parameters, MCH was $28.8{\pm}2.0pg$, and MCV was $92.4{\pm}4.7fl$. Result revealed normochromic and normocytic anemia. Mean values of serum ferritin were $657.4{\pm}292.0ng/ml$ in men and $511.5{\pm}370g$ in women. Mean valuses of serum iron were $145.5{\pm}63.7{\mu}g/dl$. Mean values of transferrin saturation was $61.6{\pm}28.4%$. Serum frerritin, serum iron and transferrin saturation were higher in HD group than normal reference. In erythropoeitin treatment group, Hb and Hct were significantly higher than non-erythropoietin treatment group. Amount of transfusion was significantly higher in non-erythropoietin treatment group than erythropoeitin treatment group(p<0.05). Values of iron, transferrin saturation were significantly higher in abnormal liver function test(LFT) hemodialysis group than normal LFT group(p<0.05). Transfusion amounts revealed positive correlation with ferritin(r=0.4675), transferrin satruation (r=0.3823) and iron(r=0.3386)(p<0.05). In conclusion, erythropoietin treatment cna reduce requirement of blood transfusion and transfusion related side effects such as iron overload, hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.184-195
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• 2000

It has been believed that cancer is an omnious factor threatening the future and life itself. Patients having the disease experience anxiety, fear, feeling of weakness, depression and feelings of uncertainty and hopelessness. Most cancer patients, however, have expectations of possible recovery and a better future, very different from the patients who feel hopeless. Therefore. hope allows people to respond effectively to the fatal disease they have and prevents them from detoriorating physically and spiritually, positively influencing their survival, response to treatment and sense of security. Studies previously performed showed that hope is positively correlated with social and family supports, self-esteem, spiritual well-being, responsive action, health promotion behavior and quality of life. Thus, the study attempted to provide basic information on nursing cancer patients by investigating their levels of hope and determining predictive factors which influence hope. For the study 200 cancer patients in two university hospitals located in Pusan were sampled as subjects. Data were collected for twenty nine days from Feburary 1, 1999 to March 1. Instrumets for the study included 10 items from the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg (1965), 39 hope measurements by Kim and Lee(1965), 16 of the social support scale by Tae(1986) and 16 of the general characteristics scale, all of which totaled 81 items. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. General characteristics of the investigated based on numbers and percentage. Hope, self-esteem and social support were analyzed using means, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. Relations among the foregoing three factors were analyzed using Pearson' correlation coefficient. Levels of hope in cancer patients were determined using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test. Predictive factors influencing hope were investigated using multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. An average level of hope was $185.55{\pm}23.39$ points(96 min. and 234 max.) 2. Levels of hope showed a significant difference among them according to sex (t=-3.69, P=.000), age(F=4.714, P=.000), job(F=3.247, P=.008), monthly income (F=6.113, P=.003), treatment charge (F=3.796, P=.011), supportive resources (F=10.554, P=.000), diagnosis(F=2.287, P=.029), perceived health status(F=22.184, P=.000), level of pain(F=3.334, P=.021), religion (F=4.911, P=.001) and religion's effect in life (F=11.706, P=.000), 3. For the subjects, self-esteem and social support were $38.32{\pm}7.21$(13 min, and 50 max.) and $52.97{\pm}8.49$points(28 min, 80 max.). Concerning social support, average levels of family support and medical support were found $35.95{\pm}6.05$(18 min, and 40 max) and $27.02{\pm}4.99$ points(20 min and 40 max). The hope the cancer patients showed significant correlations with self-esteem (r=.588, P=.000), family support(r=.224, p=.001) and medical support(r=.221, P=.002). 4. The five variables related to hope (self-esteem, religion's effect in life, perceived health status, social support and age) accounted for 54.2 percent of the hope level; especially, self-esteem was the highest at 34.6%. As shown in the above results, predictive factors which most influence hope in cancer patients were self-esteem and religion's effect of life. Therefore, nursing interventions to increase self-esteem should be developed. Regarding religion's effects, studies on spiritual aspects should be carried out in a way that contributes to promotion of hope.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2002

This study investigated associations between calcium intake, exercise behaviors, lumbar bona mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) among 79 premenopausal women (mean age = 41yr). The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed floods sources of Ca. Participants were asked to identify all activities of exercise they had participated in including estimation of number of years of participation, number of weeks per year, number of times per week, and the number of hours per session. Participants were then categorized into the exercise group or nonexercise group (control). To meet the criteria for inclusion in the exercise group, the subjects participated more than 3 sessions per week and more than 30 minutes per session and the length of the exercise participation was at least more then 6 months. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the upper 25% (average calcium intake = 910 mg) and the lower 25% (average calcium intake = 414 mg). Results indicated that there were no significant differences in energy and calcium intake, and that there were no significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between participants in exercise group and the nonexercising control group. However, the exercise group had significantly lower ALP concentration than the nonexercise group. The upper 25% calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lower 25% calcium intake group. Also the upper 25% calcium intake group had significantly lower ALP concentration than the lower 25% calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the spinal BMB was positively associated with body weight, while calcium intake was negatively associated with ALP concentration in nonexercising women. However, neither body weight nor dietary calcium intake were associated with both spinal BMD or ALP concentration in exercising women. These results suggest that calcium intake positively influence bone mineral density and bone mineral content in nonexercisulg premenopausal women. Exercise group did not affected by body weight and dietary calcium, but decreased ALP concentration than nonexercising group. Both exercise and calcium intake positively influence bone mineral density and bone mineral content in premenopausal women.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-81
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• 2001

This research is to study about the weight-change of a pregnant woman, conditions of the woman and an infant. The weight-change of a mother during pregnancy was observed and that was expressed as the basis on the body mass index of a mother before pregnancy. The effects of weight-changes on both the discomfort, complications of pregnant mother and the condition of an infant were also investigated. Thus we set a purpose that this study would help pregnant woman and an infant to maintain and enhance their health conditions by proper weight control through nursing mediation. This study was performed in a certain hospital of university in seoul from Feb. 1. 2000 to Mar. 31. 2000. We explained the purpose of this study to the hospital institution and obtained consent of investigation. 152 inpatients who were in condition from PA 37 weeks to PA 42 weeks were the subject of this study. The research materials were made through of question paper that inpatients make answer by themselves and investigation paper. The question paper was about general background, weight and height before pregnancy and discomfort of the physical degree. And the investigation paper was about parity, maternal weight(late pregnancy), high pregnancy, delivery method, hemoglobin level, Apgar score, fetal weight. Physical discomfort was measured using the implement made by Kim hae won(1996) (chronbach's ${\alpha}=0.85$). SPSS was used to do statistics for managing and analyzing data. The results of this study were like followings. 1. The mean value of gained weight during pregnancy was about 13.8kg within from 3 kg to 26 kg. Among 152 research candidates, the gained weight of 80(52.6%) candidates remained within an ideal range. But that of 37 candidates(24.3%) became less than the ideal range. Also that of 35 candidates(23.0%) became over than the ideal range. 2. In the investigation of the relation between the weight change of a pregnant woman and her condition, the scores to represent physical discomfort were middle in all candidates. And the physical discomfort of over weight-gained group was more than that of low weight-gained group, but there was no difference in statistics(F=0.234, p=0.791). The weight-changes of pregnant woman didn't have an influence with the high risk of pregnancy(F=0.509, p=0.477). Also, the weight-changes didn't have an influence on delivery method($x^2=3.825$, p=0.148). However, in the investigation of the relation between weight-change and hemoglobin level, the change of hemoglobin level was highest in over weight gained group(F=3.062, p=0.05). 3. In the investigation of the weight-change of pregnant woman and the condition of infant. the weight changes didn't have an influence on both 1 min Apgar score(F=0.157, p=0.855) and 5 min Apgar score(F=0.030, p=0.970) of infant. Also, in the investigation of weight-change of a pregnant woman and weight difference of a infant with Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the weight-change of a pregnant woman affected vastly the weight of a infant. It was also found that the more pregnant woman gained in weight, the more did gain weighty infants. This relation was in net proportion(r=0.256, p=0.001). In conclusion, these results suggest that the weight-changes during pregnancy in Korea women of these days are more increased than that of the past days and individual variation in weight-changes is very high. Also, these results suggest that the changed hemoglobin level of a mother and weight of an infant were meaningfully affected by the weight-changes of a pregnant woman during pregnancy. However, the physical discomfort of a pregnant woman, the high risks of pregnancy, the delivery method and Apgar score of an infant were not affected by the weight-changes during pregnancy. Because the recommendation suggesting the ideal weight-change, used this study, is basis on the subject of American women, therefore, these results also suggest the necessity of such recommendation which is subject to Korean women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.776-790
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• 2000

Every year the number of the elderly increases in Korea thanks to the improvemen of social and economical levels and the development of medicine. However, many problems such as insufficent care and the isolation of the elderly have been commonplace. This trend exists not only because of increased lifespan but also the changing social structure of the nuclear family. Accordingly, inspite of the development of medicine, geriatric diseases including circulatory diseases are increasing in proportion of elderly population, as well as the severity. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that health care programs provide the best possible health care and functional capacities in terms of healthy elderly lifestyles. Especially, the phenomena of aging and geriatric diseases taking place with the elderly naturally are affected by lifestyle and the drastic changes in exercise patterns. This study aims to improve geriatric health by introducing a rhythmic movement program for the elderly to estabilish a health-promoting self-care system and by developing quality of life, perceived health status, their physical and physiological functions and emotional state. The theoretical framework used in this dissertation is derived from the Health-Promoting Self-Care System Model (Simmons, 1990), which integrates the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem, 1985), the interaction model of Client Health Behavior (Cox, 1982) and the Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1987). As a quasi-experimental design, the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design is utilized for this study. The subjects of this study consist of 64 people, over 65 years old who live in 2 nursing homes for the aged located in S city , Kyong-gi province and volunteered for this study from July, 12, 1999 to September, 17, 1999. They are divided into two groups：33 in the experimental group and 31 in the control group. The experimental group particpated in the Rhythmic Movement Program at the nursing home, which was comprised of 45 minutes a session, 5 sessions a week during 9 weeks. In order to measure the results of the Rhythmic Movement Program, aspects of perceived health status, balance, flexibility, grip strength, leg strength, heart rate, blood pressure, depression, anxiety and the quality of life were measured before and after participating in the Rhythimic Movement Program for the experimental group after 9 weeks, as well as the control group. The collected data were processed by SPSS PC+ and analyzed by the X2 test, t-test, ANCOVA and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The perceived health status conditions in the experimental group show statistically significant improvement when compared to the control group (F=17.51, p=.000). 2. The physical and physiological functions, that is, balance (F=17.51, p=.000), flexibility (F=8.01, p=.006), grip strength (F=3.21, p=.018) and leg strength (F=25.78, p=.000) in the experimental group are higher than the control group. The vital signs, that is, the number of heart rate (F=.022, p=.884), systolic pressure (F=1.73 p=.193), and diastolic pressure (F=2.74, p=.103) in the experimental group compared to the control group decreased, but doesn't show statistically significant differences. Immune responses (F=5.13, p=.003) showed statistically significant increases in the experimental group when compared to the control group. 3. The emotional state are improved, that is, degree of depression (F=11.56, p=.001) and degree of anxiety (F=9.14, p=.004) in the experimental group showed statistically significant decreases. 4. The quality of life in the experimental group (F=3.03, p=.037) showed statistically significant differences compared to the control group. 5. The observations of the relationships among the perceived health status, emotional state , the quality of life, the relationships between the perceived health status, the degree of depression (r=-.653, p=.000) and the degree of anxiety (r=-.786, p=.000) were in contrary propotions, while the relationships between the perceived health status and the quality of life (r=.234, p=.008) were in direct propotion. In conclusion, the Rhythmic Movement Program used in this study for geriatric nursing care is simple and safe for application to the elderly and shows significant effects by implementing 5 sessions a week for 9 weeks. The Rhythmic Movement Program improves the quality of life, maintains as well as improves the physical and physiological fuctions and emotional state, therefore this program is strongly recommended for positive applications for independant geriatric nursing health care.