• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2022

Purpose - Carbon emission standards are based on the "production-based carbon emissions" generated by the production of goods in the relevant country which were the existing measurement methods. However, can such carbon emissions measurement standards be established international? For example, some of the goods produced in developing countries are produced for the demand of developed countries. The method of measuring carbon emission based on the final demand of a certain country is called "consumption-based carbon emissions." This study compares productionand consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth in ninety-three countries categorized by income level. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the difference between production- and consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth. Also, our model investigated whether the EKC hypothesis in most of the previous studies that had been based on production-based emissions was also established in the consumption-based emission model. Considering the continuous characteristics of CO₂, we utilized the generalized method of moments (GMM), specifically a system GMM econometric technique because CO₂ in the previous period can affect CO₂ in the present period. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The results show that for the consumption-based CO₂ emissions model, CO₂ continuously increases as economic growth increases in the upper-middle income countries. The inverted U-shaped result was found in the case of the production-based model. However, in the lower-income countries, an inverted-U shape in which CO₂ emissions decrease at some point as the economy grows in the production-based model does not appear. On the other hand, in the consumption-based model, an inverted U-shaped result was obtained when estimating with system-GMM. Additionally, the proportion of manufacturing, energy imports, and energy consumption had an effect on both the production- and the consumption-based model regardless of the group's CO₂ emissions. On the basis of such assessments, policymakers need to consider not only production- but also consumption-based options. Originality/value - Previous studies have mainly focused on production-based CO₂ emissions, with most of them revolving around economic growth or the effect of various social and economic factors on CO₂ emissions. However, this study considers the relationship with economic growth using consumption-based emissions as a dependent variable by classifying ninety-three countries by income level.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.1312-1320
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• 2022

The earlier studies have analyzed theoretical links between nuclear energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions concerning territorial (or production-based) emissions. Here using the latest available dataset, this study explores the impacts of nuclear energy on production-based and consumption-based CO₂ emission in the era of globalization for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The Driscoll-Kraay regression method reveals that nuclear energy is beneficial for the reduction of production-based CO₂ emissions. However, it is revealed that nuclear energy does not reduce consumption-based CO₂ emissions that are traded internationally and hence not comprised in conventional production-based emissions (territory) inventories. Globalization tends to reduce both production-based and demand-based carbon emissions. Finally, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is validated for both kinds of CO₂ emissions. The findings may deliver practical policy implications related to nuclear energy and CO₂ emissions for selected countries.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The data used in the study are time-series data for the period 1985-2017; the data utilized are sourced from World Development Indicators obtained on the World Bank database. The method uses a quantitative approach that applies the vector error correction model based on the Granger causality test. The empirical results reveal that, in the short run, there is evidence that urbanization and energy consumption can causes CO2 emissions, and they also prove that urbanization can cause energy consumption. Also, other findings prove the existence of long-run relationships flowing from energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions toward urbanization, as well as the existence of the relationship flowing from urbanization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions towards energy consumption. The results of testing the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions reveal that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is proven in Indonesia. Thus, policies are needed to limit the impact of urbanization through high awareness-raising to maintain environmental quality and greater use of energy. Also, energy conservation policies are needed in all sectors, especially the electricity, industry, and transportation sectors.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.516-521
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• 2004

In this paper, the effects of ethanol blended gasoline on emissions and their catalytic conversion efficiencies characteristics were investigated in gasoline engine with an electronic fuel injection. The results showed that the increase of ethanol concentration in the blended fuels brought the reduction of THC and $CO_2$ emissions from the gasoline engine. THC emissions were drastically reduced up to thirty percent. And brake specific fuel consumption was increased. but brake specific energy consumption was similar level. However. unburned ethanol and acetaldehyde emissions increased. The conversion efficiency of Pt/Rh based three-way catalysts and the effect of ethanol on CO and NOx emissions were investigated by the change of engine speed. load and air/fuel ratio. Furthermore, the ethanol blended fuel results in the reduction effect of THC. CO and NOx emissions at idle speed.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.356-367
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• 2015

A consumption based study on the carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission change due to the changes in the bovine meat consumption behavior in Korea was carried out. It was found that if the consumption of bovine meat be reduced by half, the reduction amount of $CO_2$ emissions be over 0.8 $MtCO_2e$ in all senarios in 2023. This amount is equivalent to over 50% of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission reduction target in agriculture and forestry, and fishery, a significant reduction. It was also found that the $CO_2$ emission reduction amount in consumption-based approach was the largest when the consumption of the imported bovine meat be reduced, though the difference was not that large.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2011년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 1부
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• pp.193-195
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• 2011

Nowadays, climatic environment change has become a major issue in the world. This causes major emissions of carbon dioxide industries steel industry, thermal power industry, cement industry is essential in the reduction of carbon dioxide, which is based on total carbon dioxide emissions account for most of the construction industry in an effort to minimize the environmental load is needed. accordingly, through case studies, It can be induce the selection to minimize environmental load by comparing the output of quantitative energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per constructional methods. As a result of this study, RC Structure was less environmental load than SC structure.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.77-82
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• 2009

Many countries have been interested in sustainable development of buildings for environmental preservation. Thus it is significant to assess building envelopes in terms of $CO_2$ emissions owing to Kyoto Protocol. In this paper, a Double Skin Facade(DSF) installed in a general office building was assessed by $CO_2$ emissions(one of the performance-based assessment). To predict $CO_2$ emissions caused by the building energy consumption, the dynamic simulation program(Energy Plus) and $CO_2$ emission factor was used. Because DSF has various airflow regimes, pre-simulation runs were conducted to decide proximate optimal airflow regimes depending on seasonal variation. It is shown that the DSF can achieve 17.1-36.5% of annual energy savings.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.123-138
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• 2017

본 연구는 교토의정서 Annex B 국가들의 $CO_2$ 배출량 변화를 분석하였다. Quandt-Andrews 검정을 이용하여 $CO_2$ 배출량의 구조변화 시점을 우선적으로 파악하여 그 시점을 기준으로 $CO_2$ 배출요인의 변화를 비교 분석하였다. Quandt-Andrews 검정 결과 교토의정서 발효 3년 후인 2008년 $CO_2$ 배출량의 구조변화가 확인되었다. 에너지 소비량의 1% 증가가 구조변화 이전에는 1%의 소득 증가를 가져왔으며, 그 이후에는 0.31%의 소득 증가를 가져온 것으로 나타났으며, 분석기간 중 분석대상국의 $CO_2$ 배출량은 소득에 대해 단조 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 신재생에너지 소비량의 증가는 구조변화 시점을 전후로 $CO_2$ 배출량을 각각 0.1%와 0.09% 감소시킨 것으로 나타났다. 구조변화 시점 이후 에너지 효율성의 상대적으로 감소와 소득 증가에 따른 $CO_2$ 배출량의 지속적 증가, 신재생에너지 정책 효과의 미미함 등으로 미루어 볼 때, 교토의정서의 발효가 Annex B 국가들의 온실가스 감축을 가져왔다고 판단하기 어려운 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to compare greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation by calculation methods (Tier 1, Teir 2, and Tier 3). Tier 1 based on 2006 IPCC guidelines default emission factor and amount of fuel consumption. The Tier 2 approach is the same as Tier 1 except that country-specific carbon contents of the fuel sold in road transport are used. Tier 2 based on emission factor of guidelines for local government greenhouse gas inventories (Korea Environment Corporation), the fuel consumption per one vehicle, and the registered motor vehicles. The Tier 3 approach requires detailed, country-specific data to generate activity-based emission factors for vehicle subcategories (National Institute of Environmental Research) and may involve national models. Tier 3 calculates emissions by multiplying emission factors by vehicle activity levels (e.g., VKT) for each vehicle subcategory and possible road type. VKT was estimated by using GIS road map and traffic volume of the section. The GHG average emission rate by the Tier 1 was 728,857 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, while Tier 2 and Tier 3 were 864,757 $tonCO_2eq$/yr and 661,710 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, respectively. Tier 3 was underestimated by 10.1 and 20.7 percent for the GHG emission observed by Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. Based on this study, we conclude that Tier 2 is reasonable GHG emissions than Tier 1 or Tier 3. But, further study is still needed to accurate GHG emission from Tier 3 method by expanding the traffic survey area and developing the model of local road traffic.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

총 석유계탄화수소로 오염된 토양을 정화하기 위한 토양세척공정을 부지 내 및 부지 밖 처리로 구분하여 공정 중 발생하는 환경적인 영향을 녹색 및 지속 가능한 정화 평가모델을 사용하여 평가하였다. 각 단계 별 환경부하의 상대적인 기여도를 평가하기 위해 전체 토양세척공정을 부지조성(1단계), 굴착(2단계), 물리적 선별 및 세척(3단계), 폐수처리(4단계)의 주요한 4단계로 구분하였다. 부지 내 처리 시에는 1단계에서 $CO_2$ 배출량과 에너지사용량의 상대적인 기여도가 각각 87.1%와 80.4%였고, 부지 밖 처리시에는 2단계에서 $CO_2$ 배출량과 에너지사용량의 상대적인 기여도가 각각 82.7%와 80.5%였다. 결론적으로 토양세척공정에서 부지 내 처리의 경우 1단계에서의 세척장치 제작을 위한 철, 스테인리스스틸 등 소비성 재료의 사용이, 부지 밖 처리의 경우 2단계에서의 굴착된 오염토의 운송을 위한 연료의 소비가 환경부하에 영향을 끼치는 가장 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구의 결과는 토양세척 공정의 적용 시 녹색 및 지속 가능한 정화의 달성을 위한 유용한 정보가 될 것으로 기대된다.