• 제목/요약/키워드: Constriction factor

검색결과 26건 처리시간 0.023초

Evaluation of electrical impedance ratio measurements in accuracy of electronic apex locators

  • Kim, Pil-Jong;Kim, Hong-Gee;Cho, Byeong-Hoon
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제40권2호
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    • pp.113-122
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    • 2015
  • Objectives: The aim of this paper was evaluating the ratios of electrical impedance measurements reported in previous studies through a correlation analysis in order to explicit it as the contributing factor to the accuracy of electronic apex locator (EAL). Materials and Methods: The literature regarding electrical property measurements of EALs was screened using Medline and Embase. All data acquired were plotted to identify correlations between impedance and log-scaled frequency. The accuracy of the impedance ratio method used to detect the apical constriction (APC) in most EALs was evaluated using linear ramp function fitting. Changes of impedance ratios for various frequencies were evaluated for a variety of file positions. Results: Among the ten papers selected in the search process, the first-order equations between log-scaled frequency and impedance were in the negative direction. When the model for the ratios was assumed to be a linear ramp function, the ratio values decreased if the file went deeper and the average ratio values of the left and right horizontal zones were significantly different in 8 out of 9 studies. The APC was located within the interval of linear relation between the left and right horizontal zones of the linear ramp model. Conclusions: Using the ratio method, the APC was located within a linear interval. Therefore, using the impedance ratio between electrical impedance measurements at different frequencies was a robust method for detection of the APC.

Expression of Hepatic Vascular Stress Genes Following Ischemiai/Reperfusion and Subsequent Endotoxemia

  • Kim, Sung-Ho;Lee, Sun-Mee
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • 제27권7호
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    • pp.769-775
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    • 2004
  • Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (l/R) predisposes the liver to secondary stresses such as endotoxemia, possibly via dysregulation of the hepatic microcirculation secondary to an imbalanced regulation of the vascular stress genes. In this study, the effect of hepatic I/R on the hepatic vasoregulatory gene expression in response to endotoxin was determined. Rats were subjected to 90 min of hepatic ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally after reperfusion. Plasma and liver samples were obtained 6 h after reperfusion for serum aminotransferase assays and RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA for the genes of interest: endothelin-1 (ET-1), its receptors $ET_A$ and $ET_B$, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cyciooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-${\alpha}$). The activities of serum aminotransferases were significantly increased in the I/R group. This increase was markedly potentiated by LPS treatment. The ET-1 mRNA was increased by LPS alone, and this increase was significantly greater in both the I/R alone and I/R + LPS groups compared to the sham. There were no significant differences in ETA receptor mRNA levels among any of the experimental groups. $ET_B$ mRNA was increased by both LPS alone and I/R alone, with no significant difference between the I/R alone and I/R + LPS groups. The eN OS and HO-1 transcripts were increased by I/R alone and further increased by I/R + LPS. The iNOS mRNA levels were increased by I/R alone, but increased significantly more by both LPS alone and I/R + LPS compared to I/R alone. The TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA levels showed no change with I/R alone, but were increased by both LPS alone and I/R + LPS. The COX-2 expression was increased significantly by I/R alone and significantly more by I/R + LPS. Taken collectively, significantly greater induction of the vasodilator genes over the constriction forces was observed with I/R + LPS. These results may partly explain the increased susceptibility of ischemic livers to injury as a result of endotoxemia.

Association Between Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency and Cervicogenic Headache: Hypothetical Approach Towards Etiopathogenesis of Headache

  • Kaur, Aninditya;Rakesh, N.;Reddy, Sujatha S.;Thomas, Nithin;Nagi, Ravleen;Patil, Deepa Jatti
    • Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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    • 제45권4호
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    • pp.97-109
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: Cervicogenic headache (CGH) is pain referred to the head/ face from the structures in vicinity of upper cervical spinal nerves via trigeminocervical pathway. Ponticulus Posticus (PP) and Elongated Styloid Process (ESP) are anatomical structures that cause compression of vasculature present around upper cervical nerve plexus. Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has shown to play an essential role in identification of these high-pressure zones in the brain. The aim of this research is to study the association of ESP and PP in patients with CGH and to develop a hypothesis by CFD to analyse vertebrobasilar insufficiency as a contributing factor in occurrence of CGH. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 4500 full skull CBCT scans was done for the presence of partial or complete PP and length of Styloid Process (SP). Research was divided into two phases; In first Preliminary Phase, 150 scans that showed the presence of PP and ESP were analysed, and only 134 patients gave consent to fill the questionnaire containing 96 question items pertaining to symptoms associated with CGH. In the second phase, simulation of Vertebral and Carotid Artery was done using Fluent 14.5 Software and by CFD, pressure distribution on arteries was obtained that helped to identify high pressure regions. Results: Both PP and ESP showed a statistically significant association with CGH (p<0.001). By CFD analysis, both steady and transient phases of simulation showed drop in pressure due to constriction of internal carotid and vertebral artery by ESP and PP respectively and were found to decrease the volume of blood reaching the brain, 0.12 /0.13 mL and 0.06 mL respectively. Conclusions: Our analysis proves ESP and PP as contributing factors towards CGH. Hence for proper diagnosis and management of headache disorders, clinicians should have adequate knowledge about these anatomical structures and their resulting clinical symptoms.

Inhibition of MicroRNA-15a/16 Expression Alleviates Neuropathic Pain Development through Upregulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2

  • Li, Tao;Wan, Yingchun;Sun, Lijuan;Tao, Shoujun;Chen, Peng;Liu, Caihua;Wang, Ke;Zhou, Changyu;Zhao, Guoqing
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제27권4호
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    • pp.414-422
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    • 2019
  • There is accumulating evidence that microRNAs are emerging as pivotal regulators in the development and progression of neuropathic pain. MicroRNA-15a/16 (miR-15a/16) have been reported to play an important role in various diseases and inflammation response processes. However, whether miR-15a/16 participates in the regulation of neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain development remains unknown. In this study, we established a mouse model of neuropathic pain by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerves. Our results showed that both miR-15a and miR-16 expression was significantly upregulated in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Downregulation of the expression of miR-15a and miR-16 by intrathecal injection of a specific inhibitor significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia of CCI rats. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-15a and miR-16 downregulated the expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumor-necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), an important regulator in neuropathic pain and inflammation, was a potential target gene of miR-15a and miR-16. Inhibition of miR-15a and miR-16 markedly increased the expression of GRK2 while downregulating the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and $NF-{\kappa}B$ in CCI rats. Notably, the silencing of GRK2 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-15a/16 inhibition in neuropathic pain. In conclusion, our results suggest that inhibition of miR-15a/16 expression alleviates neuropathic pain development by targeting GRK2. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and suggest potential therapeutic targets for preventing neuropathic pain development.

신체형장애 환자와 당뇨병 환자에서의 Alexithymia (Alexithymia in Somatoform Disorder and Diabetes Mellitus)

  • 이경규;이정엽;김현우;최상전
    • 정신신체의학
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.203-212
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    • 1999
  • 연구목적 : Alexithymia(감정표현불능증)는 내면적 감정을 올바로 인식하거나 언어적으로 표현하기 어려운 상태를 뜻하는 용어이다. 최근에는 말로 표현하는데 장애가 있는 것만이 아니라 인지과정에서의 결함도 강조하고 있다. 그리고 감정은 신체증상과 전반적인 건강상태에 영향을 준다는 점에서 정신신체연구에 매우 중심적인 역할을 하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 신체형 장애 환자와 정신신체장애의 하나로 알려져 있는 당뇨병 환자를 대상으로 alexithymia의 척도를 비교하고 이 환자들에서의 정신병리와 성격특성을 알아 보고자하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 만 18세 이상의 신체형장애 환자 20명, 당뇨병 환자 20명 그리고 정상 대조군 20명을 대상으로 세 군의 alexithymia의 정도, 정신병리 및 성격특성을 알아보기 위하여 각각 Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS), 한국판 Symptoms Check List 9G-R(SCL-90-R) 및 Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire(16-PF)를 이용하여 세 군간의 차이를 분석하고 TAS와 SCL-90-R 및 TAS와 16-PF와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) TAS에 따른 세 군간의 비교에서는 신체형장애 환자군이 당뇨병 환자군과 정상 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 2) SCV90-R에 의한 비교에서는 신체화증상과 불안증상 척도에서 신체형장애 환자군이 당뇨병 환자군과 정상 대조군보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 강박증상, 우울증상, 공포증상 및 정신증상 척도에서는 선체형장애 환자군이 정상 대조군보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 전체지표 중 전체심도지수는 신체형장애 환자군과 당뇨병 환자군이 정상 대조군보다 높았고, 표출증상심도지수는 신체형장애 환자군과 당뇨병 환자군이 정상 대조군보다 높았으며 표출증상합계에서는 신체형장애 환자군이 정상 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 결과를 보였다. 3) 16-PF에 의한 비교에서는 지능요인에서만 정상 대조군이 신체형장애 환자군보다 높게 나타났고 다른 요인에서는 차이가 없었다. 4) TAS와 SCL-90-R과의 상관관계분석에서는 신체형장애 환자군에서 표출증상심도지수를 제외한 모든 척도에서 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 다른 두 군에서는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 5) TAS와 16-PF와의 상관관계분석에서는 모든 대상군에서 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 결론 : 신체형장애 환자군이 당뇨병 환자군이나 정상 대조군에 비하여 높은 alexithymia 척도와 많은 정신병리를 보였다. 그리고 신체형 환자군에서의 높은 alexithymia 척도는 정신병리와 유의한 정적 상관관계를 보이고 있었다. 당뇨병환자들은 정상 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러므로 신체형장애 환자들에게는 감정을 표현하고 그들의 정신병리를 완화하거나 해소할 수 있는 치료적 접근이 도움이 되겠고, 당뇨병환자들에게는 우선적으로 신체질환의 상태를 호전시킬 수 있는 치료가 더욱 필요로 하겠다.

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운동유발성 천식과 위식도역류와의 연관성 (Relationship Between Exercise Induced Asthma and Gastroesophageal Reflux)

  • 이흥범;이양덕;김현철;이용철;이수택;이양근
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제48권2호
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    • pp.203-209
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    • 2000
  • 연구배경: 위식도역류는 정상인 보다 천식환자에서 약 30-85% 정도 높다. 최근 운동에 의해 위식도역류가 증가한다는 보고를 통해 운동시 증가하는 위식도역류가 운동유발생 천식의 발생에 기여하는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 운동유발성 천식의 기왕력이 있는 18명의 환자를 대상으로 운동부하검사와 식도내 pH측청, 운동 전후의 폐활량 검사를 시행하여 위식도역류와 운동유발성 천식을 판정하였다. 본 연구에서는 운동유발성 천식과 기관지천식과의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 메타콜린 기도 유발시험(methacholine bronchial provocation test, MBPT)을 시행하여 대상환자를 운동유발성 및 메타콜린 과민성 천식군(Group I, EIA and methacholine hypersensitive asthma group), 운동 유발성 천식군(Group II, EIA group), 대조군(Group III)으로 분류하였다. 결 과: 전체 18명의 환자 중 남자는 6 명, 여자는 12명이었고, 이들의 평균 연령은 41.1 세이었다. 본 연구에 참가한 모든 환자는 병력상 운동유발성 천식을 의심할 만한 기왕력을 갖고 있었으나, ${\Delta}FEV_1$이 20% 이상 감소한 환자는 대상 환자 18명중 15명이었다. 대상 환자 중 ${\Delta}FEV_1$이 20% 이상 감소한 15명을 대상으로 시행한 MBPT 결파상 PC20 값이 8 mg/ml 이하에서 $FEV_1$이 20% 이상 감소하여 기관지천식으로 진단된 환자는 12명이었으며, 나머지 3 명은 음성을 보여 운동유발성 천식(Group II)으로 판정하였다. 전체 18예 모두 운동 전에는 의미있는 식도내 pH 감소는 없었으며 운동 후 5예에서 식도내 pH 4 이하로 60초 이상 감소하고, pH 4 이하의 시간 백분율이 7.0% 이상을 보여 위식도역류성 질환으로 진단하였으며, 이중 3예는 Group 1 이었고, 나머지 2예는 Group II이었다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 운동유발성 천식 환자에서 위식도역류의 빈도는 33.3%(5/15) 이었다. 모두 5 명의 환자에서 위식도역류가 관찰됨으로써 위식도역류가 다른 여러 요인들과 더불어 운동유발성 천식의 병태생리의 한 요인으로 작용할 수 있다는 가능성을 완전히 배제할 수는 없었다. 이러한 이유로 운동유발성 천식 환자들의 진단 및 치료시에 위식도역류에 대한 관심을 갖는 것이 의미있을 것으로 생각되나, 앞으로 더 많은 연구를 통해 이에 대한 검증이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

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