Due to its topographic complexities and various climatical condition, Korea exhibits diverse forest types. Dominant tree species in this zone are Quercus spp., Betula spp., Zelkova spp., Fraxinus spp., Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus thunbergii ete. Genetic conservation in forest species in Korea there are three ways ; one is in situ, other is ex situ and third is in-facility conservation. In situ conservation include that are the present status of conservation of rare and endangered flora and ecosystem, the reserved forest, the national and provincial park, and the gene pool of natural forests. Ex situ conservation means to be established the new forest from in situ forest stands, progeny and provenance test populations, seed orchard and clone banks, and gene conservation in-facility. As a tool for low temperature storage, several aspects on in vitro system were studied ; (1) establishment of in vitro cultures from juvenile and/or rejuvenated tissues, (2) induction of multiple shoots from the individual micropropagules, (3) elongation of the proliferated shoots. Studies on cold storage for short-and long-term maintenance of in vitro cultures under $4^{\circ}C$ in the refrigerator were conducted. For the cryopreservation at $-196^{\circ}C$, various factors affecting survivability of the plant materials are being examined. The necessity of gene conservation of forest trees is enlarged not only to increase the adaptability for various environments but also to gain the breeding materials in the future. For effective gene conservation of forest trees, I would like to suggest followings ; 1. Forest stands reserved for other than the gene conservation purposes such as national parks should be investigated by botanical and gene-ecological studies for selecting bio-diversity and gene conservation stands. 2. Reserved forest for gene pool should be extented both economically important tree spp. and non-economical species. 3. Reserved forest for progeny test and clone bank should be systematically investigated for the use of Ex situ forest gene conservation. 4. We have to find out a new methodology of genetic analysis determining the proper and effective size of subpopulation for in situ gene conservation. 5. We should develop a new tree breeding systems for successful gene conservation and utilization of the genetic resources. 6. New method of in-facility gene conservation using advanced genetic engineering should be developed to save time and economic resources. 7. For the conservation of species with short-life span of seed or shortage of knowledge of seed physiology, tissue culture techniques will be played a great role for gene conservation of those species. 8. It is are very useful conservation not only of genes but of genotypes which were selected already by breeding program. 9. Institutional and administrative arrangements including legistlation must be necessarily taken for gene conservation of forest trees. 10. It is national problems for conservation of forest resources which have been rapidly destroyed because of degenerating environmental condition and of inexperienced management system of bio-diversity and gene conservation. 11. In order to international cooperation for exchanging data of bio-diversity and gene conservation, we should connect to international net works as soon as possible.
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
/
v.3
no.3
/
pp.113-125
/
2000
This study was carried out to introduce current status and development strategy for an environmental restoration of stream side in Japan, and to consider a methodology which could be effectively applied for the environmental restoration of stream side in Korea. The strategy prospects of environmental restoration in Japan were summarized as follows : 1. When we establish the long term erosion control planning, we should make detail planning after considering of a certain block of watershed units. Because most of the disaster is caused by soil movement which was occurred by water contents. 2. Nowadays, the general torrent erosion control planning system in Japan focused on reducing the sediment such as by placement of erosion control facility and by restoration of afforestation, after calculation of several factors including expected amount of sediment, and the different amount of planned sediment and allowable sediment. 3. In the past, the goal of forest conservation and erosion control planing was to fix the amount of soil movement by construction of permanent facilities. While, the goal of forest conservation and erosion control planning in the future needs to change the techniques to a small and middle scale's soil movement which could prevent soil movement from large scale of soil disasters, but allow soil movement effectively. Also, it is considered to change erosion control dams from non passing type to passing type. 4. Restoration of stream-side ecology, erosion control for the conservation of ecology should be planned and conducted cautiously based on concepts of ecology conservation and development of environmentally sound techniques.
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
/
v.3
no.4
/
pp.84-90
/
2000
The objective of this study was to introduce the current status and development strategy for an environmental restoration of stream side in Japan, and to consider a methodology which could be effectively applied for the environmental restoration of stream side in Korea. 1. In order to change the recent direction of the forest conservation and erosion control projects which are focused on the restoration of stream side ecology, we have to quit the past erosion control policy such as water control purpose, and establish new plans regarding on the forest conservation and erosion control which is considered the regional environmental restoration of watershed. 2. When we restore stream side and river side ecosystem, we should establish restoration plans which can keep the original nature of stream and river. 3. The forest conservation and erosion control construction projects for the restoration of stream and river ecosystem should be planned for the perfect restoration of their ecosystem by way of sustainable maintenance and management. 4. The restoration direction of stream and river ecosystem needs to be planned to restore the diversity of small geographies such as waterway, shoal and puddles rather than flattening of stream bed. 5. The main principle in the restoration of stream and river ecosystem is to accomplish forest conservation and erosion control construction projects which can conserve the existing stream and river ecosystem.
This paper presents a method for developing the performance assessment of energy conservation and efficiency based on baseline and target adjustment approach. Energy consumption is related with output level and production structure. This paper suggests improvement for target establishment and performance assessment with regard to real output level in target year. Numerical illustrations of baseline and target adjustment method are shown different compared with the general assessment results. This study will contribute to applying the conformity assessment and Greenhouse Gas Emissions verification system.
The purpose of this study is to suggest the methodology of $CO_2$ Emission Factor Verification and Quantitative Assessment in Ethylene Product Processes. At first, this study compare the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 1996 Guideline and 2006 Guideline. And analyse methodology for estimating $CO_2$ emission and $CO_2$ emission factor in Ethylene product process. Also analyse cases of estimating $CO_2$ emission factor based on material balance. Methodology of $CO_2$ Emission Factor Verification and Quantitative Assessment are following the categories proposed by GIR (Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center). There are total 12 factors in 8 categories and give 5 or 10 points according to their importance. Also this study suggests necessary data of document to meet the conditions. The result would help estimate accuracy Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Also contribute to establish policy on environmental assessment, air conservation, etc.
Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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v.8
no.4
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pp.451-462
/
1996
In this study, which focuses on ice storage, a fundamental study in cooling and solidification was performed, including the interesting phenomena of density inversion, supercooling and dendritic ice. A numerical study was performed for natural convection and ice formation considering existence of subcooling and dendritic ice were analyzed numerically by using finite difference method and boundary fixing method. In the mesh, the solid fraction was introduced with adding as a term to the energy conservation equation. A flow in the dendrite was modelled as a flow in a porous medium, and the momentum conservation equation was modified to incorporate resistance forces involved in flows through porous media. A numerical solution of the time dependencies of dendrite area and dense ice front was successfully obtained, and the numerical results were good agreement with experimental results. Based on this methodology, a discussion was made of phenomena and characteristics of cooling and freezing processes under various conditions.
Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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v.21
no.6
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pp.55-69
/
2018
As disaster risk and climate change volatility increase, there are more efforts to adapt to disasters such as forest fires, floods, and landslides. Most of the research, however, is about influence of human activities on disaster and there is few research on disaster adaptation for species. Previous studies focusing on biodiversity in selecting conservation areas have not addressed threats of disaster in the habitats for species. The natural disasters sometimes play role of drivers of ecological successions in the long run, but they might cause serious problems for the conservation of vulnerable species which are endangered. The purpose of this study is to determine whether soil loss (SL) is effective in selecting habitat management areas for amphibians and reptiles. RUSLE model was used to calculate soil loss (SL) and the distribution of each species (SD) was computed with MaxEnt model to find out the biodiversity index. In order to select the habitat management area, we estimated the different results depending if value of soil loss was applied or not by using MARXAN, a conservation priority selection tool. With using MARXAN, conservation goals can be achieved according to the scenario objectives, and the study has been made to meet the minimum habitat area. Finally, the results are expressed in two; 1) the result of soil loss and biodiversity with MATRIX method and 2) the result of regional difference calculated with MARXAN conservation prioritization considering soil loss. The first result indicates that the area with high soil loss and low species diversity have lower conservation values and thus can be managed as natural disturbances. In the area where soil loss is high and species diversity is also high, it becomes where a disaster mitigation action should be taken for the species. According to the conservation priorities of the second result, higher effectiveness of conservation was obtained with fewer area when it considered SL in addition to SD, compared to when considered only biodiversity. When the SL was not taken into consideration, forest area with high distribution of species were important, but when SL considered, the agricultural area or downstream of the river were represented to be a major part of habitats. If more species data or disaster parameters other than soil loss are added as variables later, it could contribute as a reference material for decision-making to achieve various purposes.
Purpose: This study is designed to investigate the extent and nature of climate change disclosure of listed pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh. Research design, data and methodology: In order to perform this research, a content analysis methodology is used. A climate change disclosure index is constructed to examine 12 different climate change disclosure issues. Information is collected from the annual reports of 29 pharmaceutical companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange for the year 2019. Results: This study finds that only 48.28% of the sample companies provided disclosure on at least one issue regarding climate change. 'Energy savings' is the mostly disclosed issue whereas 'Pollution control expenditure', 'Biodiversity conservation initiatives' are the least disclosed issues. Research implication: This study concludes 64.29% of the companies examined, use less than five sentences for climate change disclosure, which depicts unsatisfactory disclosure practices regarding climate change issues. Study findings would be helpful for different industries of Bangladesh to implement efficient climate change reporting Practice. Future studies can be conducted on other industries to obtain more comprehensive result.
Urban floods are usually caused by the lack of drainage capacity. Hence, sewer capacity expansion methodology by replacing small pipes with bigger ones is primarily applied as a flood control measure. However, this approach is often unreasonable because of the costs and time involved. Thus, the installation of underground rainwater storage tanks with the two advantages of flood control and water conservation is proposed. This study compared the effectiveness of flood control by both the sewer expansion methodology and rainwater storage tanks using the Storm Water Management Model. Three cases were simulated in this study. The first case analyzed flood reduction by the storm sewer expansion methodology. The simulation results indicate that the overflow volume from manholes was reduced by 49% with this methodology. The second case analyzed flood reduction by installation of rainwater storage tanks. The simulation results indicate that the overflow volume was reduced by 62%. However, these two cases could not prevent urban floods completely. Hence, the third case analyzed the joint application of the storm sewer expansion methodology and rainwater storage tanks. In this simulation, flooding did not occur. Consequently, the results of this study clearly show that underground rainwater storage tanks are more effective for flood control than capacity expansion of storm sewer. Furthermore, the joint application of these two flood control measures is more effective than their separate application.
Dangsan forests are traditional village forests which have been established by local residents. They represent unique cultural landscape of Korea with a history of more than several hundred years. It is necessary for a cultural contents to have locality and globality so as to represent Korea. Cultural heritage can retain their value when they are fully sustained their authenticity and management scheme. Although many Dangsan forests have been on the verge of disappearance, the four villages in Sinwon-ri have retained Dangsan forests with Dangsan ritual. In this study, a designation of 'Conservation area of agricultural landscape ecology' including Dangsan forests, Bibo forests, rice paddy field, and stream in Sinwon-ri was suggested. This 'Conservation area of agricultural landscape ecology' can be developed to unique glocal cultural content of rural Korea, and will contribute to enhance the value of the Dangsan forest's, and revitalization of rural villages.
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