• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

This research was carried out to examine the FIR (far-infrared rays) emissivity and emission power of five types of flooring board by the mixing ratio of charcoal and loess, and the physical property of five types of injected flooring board by the amount of mixture. Type D was appeared the most high value of FIR emissivity and emission power. But there was a little difference among the five types of flooring board values. In physical properties, control type flooring board and injected flooring board showed a similar tendency. Among the domestic trees, all of hard wood seems to be used to surface wood for strong hardness flooring board. But a coniferous tree was not.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.122-127
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• 1998

This paper presents the neuro-fuzzy classifier derived from the generic model of a 3-layer fuzzy perceptron and developed the classification software based on the neuro-fuzzl model. Also, a comparison of the neuro-fuzzy and maximum-likelihood classifiers is presented in this paper. The Airborne Multispectral Scanner(AMS) imagery of Tae-Duk Science Complex Town were used for this comparison. The neuro-fuzzy classifier was more considerably accurate in the mixed composition area like "bare soil" , "dried grass" and "coniferous tree", however, the "cement road" and "asphalt road" classified more correctly with the maximum-likelihood classifier than the neuro-fuzzy classifier. Thus, the neuro-fuzzy model can be used to classify the mixed composition area like the natural environment of korea peninsula. From this research we conclude that the neuro-fuzzy classifier was superior in suppression of mixed pixel classification errors, and more robust to training site heterogeneity and the use of class labels for land use that are mixtures of land cover signatures.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.523-538
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• 2011

This study analyzes the changes in the surface area of each forest cover, based on temperature data analysis and satellite imagery as the basic methods for the impact assessment of climate change on regional units. Furthermore, future changes in the forest cover are predicted using the double exponential smoothing method. The results of the study have shown an overall increase in annual mean temperature in the studied region since 1990, and an especially increased rate in winter and autumn compared to other seasons. The multi-temporal analysis of the changes in the forest cover using satellite images showed a large decrease of coniferous forests, and a continual increase in deciduous forests and mixed forests. Such changes are attributed to the increase in annual mean temperature of the studied regions. The analysis of changes in the surface area of each forest cover using the statistical data displayed similar tendencies as that of the forest cover categorizing results from the satellite images. Accordingly, rapid changes in forest cover following the increase of temperature in the studied regions could be expected. The results of the study of the forest cover surface using the double exponential smoothing method predict a continual decrease in coniferous forests until 2050. On the contrary, deciduous forests and mixed forests are predicted to show continually increasing tendencies. Deciduous forests have been predicted to increase the most in the future. With these results, the data on forest cover can be usefully applied as the main index for climate change. Further qualitative results are expected to be deduced from these data in the future, compared to the analyses of the relationship between tree species of forest and climate factors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.557-561
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• 1998

A die-back fungus isolated from Pinus koraiensis was identified as Cenangium ferruginosum. Mycelial growth of the fungus was the best on PDA among five media tested. Mycelial growths on agar media supplemented with extracts from coniferous trees were relatively better than those on media with extracts from non-coniferous trees. Optimum temperature and pH for the mycelial growth of C. ferruginosum on PDA were $10^{\circ}C$ and pH 5, respectively. When five-years-old P. koraiensis seedlings were artificially inoculated with the fungus for the pathogenicity test of this fungus, 80% of seedlings were infected. and the same symptoms and signs were developed as those of naturally-infected trees.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.548-565
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• 2023

Armillaria root disease affects forests around the world. It occurs in many habitats and causes losses in the infested stands. Weather conditions are important factors for growth and development of Armillaria species. Yet, the relation between occurrence of damage caused by Armillaria disease and weather variables are still poorly understood. Thus, we used generalized linear mixed models to determine the relationship between weather conditions of current and previous year (temperature, precipitation and their deviation from long-term averages, air humidity and soil temperature) and the incidence of Armillaria-induced damage in young (up to 20 years old) and older (over 20 years old) coniferous stands in selected forest districts across Poland. We used unique data, gathered over the course of 23 years (1987-2009) on tree damage incidence from Armillaria root disease and meteorological parameters from the 24-year period (1986-2009) to reflect the dynamics of damage occurrence and weather conditions. Weather parameters were better predictors of damage caused by Armillaria disease in younger stands than in older ones. The strongest predictor was soil temperature, especially that of the previous year growing season and the current year spring. We found that temperature and precipitation of different seasons in previous year had more pronounced effect on the young stand area affected by Armillaria. Each stand's age class was characterized by a different set of meteorological parameters that explained the area of disease occurrence. Moreover, forest district was included in all models and thus, was an important variable in explaining the stand area affected by Armillaria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.271-282
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the absorbing and/or filtering capacity of woody landscape plants growing in urban and industrial regions of Seoul and Taejon. Korea. Total sulfur content and heavy metal content were analyzed in tree foliage of Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba. Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis. The total sulfur content in the leaves of woody landscape plants in Seoul and Taejon were remarkably higher than those of the tree leaves in Kwangreung. The total sulfur content of deciduous trees had 2.6 times more than that of coniferous trees. the former had better absorbing capacity of $SO_2$ gas. Especially Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis were recommanded as absorption trees of $SO_2$ because sulfur content levels of them were the highest among all species and increased until tall coloration. While coniferous trees showed no changes in total sulfur content between four seasons. deciduous trees increased in sulfur during the growing season. Pb content of all species in polluted area were higher than those in unpolluted area. In polluted area, while coniferous trees had higher absorption and accumulation of Pb, deciduous trees had higher absorption of Zn. The content of Pb, Zn and Cu in needle of Pinus koraiensis were more than those of Pinus densiflora, In Pinus koraiensis and Pinus densiflora, heavy metal content in the 2nd year needle were higher than thous in the current year needle. In Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis Liriodendron tulipifera and Platanus occidentalis there was a positive correlation between total sulfur and heavy metals [(Pb+Zn+Cu)/3] content.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 1994

In Lentinus edodes(oak mushroom) cultivation, commonly are logs and sawdusts of oak and some other broadleaved tree species used. Recently oak trees have been substantially diminished due to extensive logging. Thus, to develop comparable synthetic formula using other tree species for the cultivation of Lentinus edodes, we investigated the effect of various nutrients and pretreatment on L. edodes mycelial growth in coniferous sawdusts(i.e., Pine and Larch). We found that 1.5 hr pretreatment of sawdust with hot water and adding 10% rice bran, 3% charcoal, 0.02% $NH_4CI$ and 0.5-1% lignosulfornic acid were effective for the growth of L. edodes in pine sawdust media. In larch sawdust pretreatment with acetone for one hr and adding 20% rice bran, 3% charcoal and 0.02% $NH_4CI$ increased L. edodes mycelial growth. We also analyzed the components of oak and coniferous sawdusts and found oak has higher content of xylose and lower content of lignin, arabinose and mannose than conifers. Rice bran, compared with BITEL(HOKKEN Co.) known for better commercial substitute for rice bran, has lower content of xylose and galactose, but the similar C/N ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 1999

This study was aimed to establish the method and process of the Biotope Mapping System.(B.M.S.) The main aspects of research for biotope were divided by 4 schemes such as biosphere, geosphere, antroposphere and evaluation informations. The cartographic function of GIS(geographic information system) was also used to mapping them. The B.M.S. had been progressed with 5 steps : (1) making research goals, (2) constructing the graphic and attribute databases, (3) classifying 3 types of biotope such as tree/shrub biotop, grass biotop and wetland biotop. (4) cross-analyzing biotope types against land use, habitat characters, relief characters and danger/disturbance elements, (5) evaluating the biotope's potentialities. Only 3 steps of them were done in this study. The results of applicating the B.M.S on the research site as followings : 1. The interdisciplinary researches were needed to develop the B.M.S in Korea since ecological habitat conditions of Germany, England are differed from them of Korea. 2. The distributions of the land uses in Maejuri, Seunghwan eup in Chonan city were mainly recorded by forest(29.82%), orchard(14.11%) and landscaping around building site(9.05%). 3. The percentages of the Tree/Shrub Biotope type were ranged by the orchard type(23.8%), natural and artificial deciduous type with natural coniferous(23.6%) and etc. 4. The Grass Biotope type was mainly recorded by the wild grassland type(27.99%), garden type(14.21%) and peddy field with wild grassland(13.24%). 5. The distributions of the wetland were pointed high at the wetland type with reed marsh and edge vegetation around wetland(54.79%) and etc.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2002

The essential oils were extracted from the needles of several softwood tree species, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera to investigate their biological activities. The antifungal activity by hyphal growth inhibition method was determined by three wood rot fungi, one mouldous fungi, and three tree pathogenic fungi and the antibacterial activity by paper disc method and turbidiometric method by three gram positive bacteria and one gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, were also tested. Antifungal activity was the best in the essential oil from C. obtusa, and the following was resulted in order of P. densiflora and P. koraiensis. The essential oil from P. densiflora showed higher antifungal activity against wood rot fungi than that from P. koraiensis while the result was contrary against tree pathogenic fungi. However, the antibacterial activity was the best in the essential oil from P. densiflora, and the following was in order of C. obtusa and P. koraiensis. From these results, the variation of biological activity seemed to be due to the chemical composition of essential oils.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.450-456
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop estimated equation for mortality rates (volume of dead trees, %) on coniferous and broad-leaved forests, representative forest types of South Korea. There were 6 equation models applied for estimating mortality such as a exponential equation, a Hamilton equation and variables using were DBH, basal area, and site index. Raw data used for estimating mortality were $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ national forest inventory data, and mortality was calculated with the difference of stocks between lived trees and dead trees by each sample plots. The most applicable equation to describe mortality on coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest was indicated as $P=(1+e^{(a+b{\times}DBH+c{\times}BA+d{\times}no\_ha+e{\times}density)})^{-1}$ and their goodness of fit showed 34% and 51% respectively. Goodness of fit in both equations were not much high because there were various factors which affect the mortality such as topographic conditions, soil characteristic, climatic factors, site quality, and competition. Therefore, it is considered that explaining mortality in forest with only 2 or 3 variables like DBH, basal area used in this analysis could be very difficult facts. However, this study is certainly worth in that there is no useful information on mortality by each forest type throughout the country at the present, and we would make an effort to promote the fitness of estimated equation for mortality adding competition index, tree crown density etc.