• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1331-1335
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• 2008

A Klebsiella pneumoniae WL-5 with the capability of decolorizing several recalcitrant dyes was isolated from activated sludge of an effluent treatment plant of a textile and dyeing industry. This strain showed a higher dye decolorization under static condition and color removal was optimal at pH 6-8 and $30-35^{\circ}C$. More than 90% of its color of Congo Red were reduced within 12 hr at $200\;{\mu}M$ dye concentration. Malachite Green, Brilliant Green and Reactive Black-5 lost over 85% of their colors at $10\;{\mu}M$ dye concentration, but the percentage decolorization of Reactive Red-120, Reactive Orange-16, and Crystal Violet were about 46%, 25%, and 13%, respectively. Decolorizations of Congo Red and triphenylmethane dyes, such as Malachite Green, Brilliant Green, and Crystal Violet were mainly due to adsorption to cells, whereas azo dyes, such as Reactive Black-5, Reactive Red-120, and Reactive Orange-16 seemed to be removed by biodegradation through unknown enzymatic processes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.932-938
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• 2005

[ $TiO_2$ ] nanoparticles were prepared from the precipitation in $TiCl_4$ and the sol-gel profess in $Ti(OC_3H_7)_4$ as starting materials with various synthetic conditions. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM testing techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of congo red has been investigated in $TiO_2/UV$ process to evaluate photocatalytic activities for the samples. $TiO_2$ nanoparticles calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ had the best photocatalytic activity with the rate constant of the degradation of congo red as $0.0319\;min^{-1}$. The rate constant of $TiO_2$ photocatalysts was increased with the calcination temperature under $400^{\circ}C$ and decreased with the calcination temperature upper $400^{\circ}C$. In the case of $TiO_2$ photocatalysts, the photocatalytic activity wasn't greatly affected by the frequencies of usage. In the similar synthesis condition, the degradation efficiency of the $TiO_2$ particle prepared by $TiCl_4$ was increased to 8.8%, when the rate was compared with the sample prepared by $Ti(OC_3H_7)_4$. The photocatalytic activities of $TiO_2$ photocatalysts synthesized by $Ti(OC_3H_7)_4$ with various conditions were also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2012

This study has been conducted to screen the decolorization of 4 aromatic synthetic dyes and production of ligninolytic enzymes by 4 white rot fungi such as Bjerkanderia adusta, Cerrena unicolor, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Abortiporus biennis. It was found that B. adusta, C. unicolor, and P. pulmonarius have the ability to efficiently decolorize congo red and moderately decolorized amaranth and orange G in solid and liquid culture media. However, the decolorization rate of 4 synthetic dyes by A. biennis was relatively low. The decolorization of congo red, amaranth, orange G were related to the growth rate of the fungal mycelia in the solid medium. But, the all fungi tested did not efficiently decolorize methylene blue in the liquid culture media. To investigate the production of ligninolytic enzymes in media containing aromatic compounds, fungi were cultured in 1% naphthalene supplemented potato dextrose broth medium. All fungi tested had the capability to produce laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase, and B. adusta was the best ligninolytic enzymes producing white rot fungus among other fungi tested.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 1991

The present study was conducted to investigate the biochemical properties, pathogenicity, antimicrobial test, and serotype of E-coli isolated from slaughtered cattle during the period from March 1991 to May 1991. 1. A total of 12 E-coli isolates were isolated from 132 bile juice of slaughtered cattle. 2. All isolates were resistant to Erythromycin, Cephalothin, Neomycin and Lincomycin while the majority of them were susceptible to Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazol (67%), Chloramphenicol(58％), Gentamicin(58%), Ampicillin(17%), Kanamycin(9%) and Tetracycline (9%). 3. In the test of colicinogenecity and congo-red binding capability, 4(33%) isolates produced colicin, all isolates were congo-red negative. 4. The serotypes of isolated E-coli were identified as 008： K- (2 strain), 015： K- (1 strain), 08： K87： K88ab(1 strain), 0139： Kl2(1 strain), 0147: K89(1 strain), others(6 strains ) were autoagglutination.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 1992

Biodegradation of azo dyes such as Amaranth, Sudan III and Congo-Red by Aspergillus sojae B-10 was demonstrated using Aspergillus sojae B-10. Aspergillus sojae B-10 showed the greatest decolorization ability when it was cultivated in a nitrogen-limited medium containing, azo dyes(10 mg/l), 2.0% glucose, 0.06% sodium nitrate, 0.1% $KH_PO_4$, 0.5% MgSO_4$ㆍ$7H_2O$ at pH 5.0 and $37^\circ{C}$ for 5 days. Under optimal conditions, Amaranth started being decolorized within 24 hr and was almost complete after decolorization of 4 days incubation. Sudan III was completely decolorized after a cultivation of 5 days. However, Congo-Red was not completely decolorized until 5 days of cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: There is a need for a revolutionary method to overcome the problem of biochar, which has relatively low adsorption capacity for existing anion pollutants, along with collectively recycling fallen leaves, a kind of forest by-product. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prepare iron-decorated biochar derived from fallen leaves (Fe-FLB), and to evaluate their adsorption properties to Congo red (CR) as anionic dye. METHODS AND RESULTS: The adsorption properties of CR by fallen leaves biochar (FLB) and Fe-FLB were performed under various conditions such as initial CR concentration, reaction time, pH and dosage with isotherm and kinetic models. In this study, Fe-FLB prepared through iron impregnation and pyrolysis of fallen leaves contained 56.9% carbon and 6.3% iron. Congo red adsorption by FLB and Fe-FLB was well described by Langmuir model and pseudo second order model and the maximum adsorption capacities of FLB and Fe-FLB were 1.1 mg/g and 25.6 mg/g, respectively. In particular, it was found that the adsorption of CR was occurred by chemical adsorption process by the outer boundary layer of Fe-FLB. CONCLUSION: Overall, the production of Fe-FLB using fallen leaves and using it as an anion adsorbent is considered to be a way to overcome the problem of biochar with relatively low anion adsorption in addition to the reduction effect of waste.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2011

In this study, 22 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae including Citrobacterfreundii (6 strains), Enterobacter cloacae (5 strains), Enterobacter aerogenes (3 strains), Serratia marcescens (7 strains) and Pantoea spp. (1 strain) were investigated for the biofilm forming ability and biosynthesis of curli and cellulose. Biofilm forming ability was the highest among the isolates of E. cloacae and the lowest among the isolates of E. aerogenes. The expression of the biofilm-forming extracellular matrix components, cellulose and curli fimbriae, was examined by Congo-red (CR) staining and calcofluor staining methods. PCR screening for the presence of curli gene (csgA) revealed that 4 strains of E. cloacae and 1 strain of C. freundii carried the csgA, showing a good correlation between the phenotypic detection of curli fimbriae by CR staining method and the genotypic detection of curli gene by PCR in E. cloacae.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2023

In this study, waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was recycled to produce a support and then polyetherimide (PEI) was used for environmentally friendly organic solvent nanofiltration. The prepared composite membrane was first prepared by electrospinning a PET support, then casted on the support using PEI having excellent solvent resistance, and organic solvent nanoparticles using a Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) method. A filtration membrane was prepared. First, the fiber diameter and tensile strength of the PET scaffold prepared prior to membrane fabrication were identified through morphology analysis, and the optimal scaffold for the organic solvent nanofiltration membrane was identified. Afterward, the PET/PEI composite membrane prepared was checked for the DEA removal rate of Congo red having a molecular weight of 697 g/mol in ethanol to understand the performance as an organic solvent nanofiltration membrane according to the concentration of PEI. Finally, the removal rate of Congo red was 90% or more.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.108-110
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• 2006

To understand the ability of producing cellulolytic enzyme activity in the sapstaining fungi, four species of Ophiostoma and two species of Leptographium were investigated in the culture media containing each of cellulose substrates such as CM-cellulose, Avicel and D-cellobiose and each of chromogenic dyes such as Congo-Red, Phenol Red, Remazol Brilliant Blue and Tryphan Blue. When the fungi were grown for $5{\sim}7$ days at $25^{\circ}C$, the formation of clear zone by chromogenic reaction around the margin of the fungal colony was demonstrated in all the culture media Congo-Red containing CM-cellulose. There was difference in the formation of clear zone among the dyes. Only Ophiostoma setosum and Leptographium spp. showed cellulolytic activity to the three substrates. Overall, the results of this study show that ophiostomatoid sapstaining fungi can produce cellulolytic enzymes.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 1980

The studies were undertaken with the objective to compare six staining techniques, nigrosineosin, eosin-nigrosin, trypan blue, Congo red-nigrosin, fast green-erythrocin and fast green-eosin and select one of these staining techniques to measure live-dead