• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate the active composting process with wastes from agricultural products. This was decomposed by active composting process for 28 days. Temperature of active airation period was maintained at 60~68C˚ for 6 days, and then 55˚C ~40˚C for 11 days. After turnover, composting temperture raised to 55~58˚C for 5 days and was maintained at air temperature condition from 6 days. Add then, compost was stabilized in the non-aerated depository for 2 months. The C/N ratios of these compests were 18.5,19.7 and 18.5 on the depths which were 5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The pH of compest was changed from 6.5 to 7.2. Key words: Agricultural products, Wastes, C /N ratios.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.3-18
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• 1994

우리나라 도시고형폐기물은 퇴비화에 적합한 조건을 갖추고 있으나, 퇴비화 공정개발이 미약하여 폐기물 퇴비화를 실용화하지 못하고 있다. 폐기물 퇴비화의 실용화를 위하여는 최종퇴비의 질을 높이면서도 대량의 폐기물을 단기간에 처리할 수 있도록 공정제어를 하여야 한다. 이를 위하여 최적온도를 지속적으로 유지하도록 공기공급량을 제어하는 방식(온도제어 공기공급방식)이 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 도시고형폐기물에 온도제어 공기공급방식을 적용하여 퇴비화 과정중의 공정효율과 최적온도를 분석하고자 하였다. 실험결과, 온도제어 공기공급방식이 일정공기공급방식에 비하여 짧은 기간에 분해효율과 건조효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 우리나라 도시고형폐기물 퇴비화의 최적온도는 $50{\sim}54^{\circ}C$로 평가되었다.

• 환경생물
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.493-498
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• 1999

포도박과 같은 쥬기성 폐기물의 퇴비화에서 효소활성도가 퇴비의 안정성 혹은 부숙도를 나타내는 지표로서의 사용가능성이 있는지를 검증하기 위해 $\beta$-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase 및 alkaline phosphatase의 활성도를 측정하였다. 측정한 모든 효소가 퇴비화초기에 최대의 활성도를 나타냈는데 이는 포도박에 잔류해있던 분해가 용이한 유기물질과 관련이 있는 것으로 추정되며 그 후 활성도는 점차감소하였다. 그러나 퇴비화 60일이 경과한 후에 $\beta$-glucosidase와 cellobiohydrolase활성도는 다시 급격히 상승했고 alkaline phosphatase의 활성도는 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 퇴비화 후반기에 나타나는 이와 같은 효소활성도의 증가는 퇴비의 안정성을 나타내는 하나의 지표로 사용할 수 있음을 시사해 준다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

In India, disposal of vegetable market waste along with municipal solid waste in landfills or dumpsites is creating much nuisance in terms of odor nuisance, leachate production, and greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere. Therefore, vegetable waste with high biodegradable and nutrient content is composted in a 550-L batch scale rotary drum composter to study the degradation process and its compost properties for its potential reuse as high quality compost. A total 150 kg of working volume was fixed for composting studies with two different ratios, trial A (6:3:1) of C/N 24 and trial B (8:1:1) of C/N 30, respectively. A maximum of $63.5^{\circ}C$ and $61.2^{\circ}C$ was observed in trials A and B; an average of $55^{\circ}C$ for more than 5 days, which helped in the degradation of organic matter and reduction of total and fecal coliform. The temperature dropped suddenly after the thermophilic stage in trial B, and leachate was observed due to insufficient amount of bulking agent. Mesophilic bacteria dominated during the initial stages of composting, and reduced considerably during the thermophilic stage. During the thermophilic stage, the rise in spore-forming organisms, including spore-forming bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and streptomycetes, increased and these were predominant until the end of the composting process. By examination, it was observed that moisture and leachate production had adverse effects on the compost parameters with higher loss of micronutrients and heavy metals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.113-121
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• 1992

An the livestock production in Japan is industrialized, a tremendous amount of animal wastes is being produced annually, resulting in serious environmental pollution problems. Animal wastes could be pollutants, but they are also important sources of fertilizer nutrients and organic matter. Composting is an effective way of promoting the increased utilization of animal wastes. The characterization of maturing process during composting is important in order to improve the composting technology and to develop and efficient method to estimate the degree of maturity. The rise and fall in temperature, and changes in the constituents of the compost, reflect the maturing process and may serve as indicators for maturation. In addition, the detection of nitrate by diphenylamine, the determination of cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and the germination test, are also recommended as the methods of estimating the degree of maturity. The heavy applications of animal manure and compost may cause an adverse effect on soils and crops. When excess manure is applied, the nitrogen will be accumulated in soil, resulting in accumulation of nitrate in crops and pollution of the groundwater. Guidelines for application rates are recommended, to maintain soil productivity and quality of crops, and to prevent the environmental pollution.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.743-748
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• 2009

Fungal diversity during composting was investigated by culture-independent rDNA sequence analysis. Composting was carried out with pig manure and mushroom cultural waste using a field-scale composter (Hazaka system), and samples were collected at various stages. Based on partial sequence analysis of large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and sequence identity values, a total of 12 different fungal species were found at six sampling sites; Geotrichum sp., Debaryomyces hansenii, Monographella nivalis, Acremonium strictum, Acremonium alternatum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Myriangium durosai, Pleurotus eryngii, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Fusarium sporotrichioides. Geotrichum sp. of the class Saccharomycetes was the most predominant fungal species throughout the composting process (185 out of a total of 236 identified clones, or 78.4%), followed by Acremonium strictum (7.6%), Monographella nivalis (5.1%), and Pleurotus eryngii (3.8%). The prevalence of Geotrichum sp. was the lowest (61.1%) at the beginning of composting, and then gradually increased to 92.5% after 10 days of composting.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 1995

퇴비화 시설은 공기량과 수분 조절만으로 운전되기 때문에 2개의 운전인자의 영향을 분석하기 위하여 수분을 첨가하는 경우와 첨가하지 않는 경우에 대하여 공기량을 변화시켜 모델링하였다. 또한 최적의 퇴비화 환경이 조성될지라도 발열량 및 분해속도에 따라 퇴비화 시설의 운전온도를 달리하여야 하므로, 고속분해 단계와 완속분해 단계의 운전온도를 변화시켜 모델링함으로써 퇴비화 공정에 대한 영향을 분석하였다. 한편 모델은 미국 Roger T. Haug Inc 에서 개발한 "The Library of Compost Engineering Software" 를 사용하였다. 결과적으로 적정 함수율의 퇴비화 시설 운전이 공기량 변화에 대하여 운전온도의 변화가 민감하며, 수분이 부족한 경우에 비하여 오히려 적은 공기량으로 높은 반응율을 달성하게 된다. 완속분해 단계의 효과적인 운전이 전 공정의 분해율을 높일 수 있으므로 완속분해 물질의 분해에 촛점을 맞추어 단계별 운전온도를 설정하여야 함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2002

The composting practice has been recognized as the most popular way of controlling food waste and many attempt have been made in the field to establish more efficient and economical process. Some of the efforts are mixing cured compost with sawdust as alternative bulking agent, seeding commercially produced microorganism and/or combination of above. However, verification of such efforts is often restricted because of either the lack of engineering consideration on the limitation of composting facility scales. In this study, the effect of mixing materials in food waste composting was investigated by controlling the combination and the mixing ratio of them. When the cured compost was mixed with saw dust. the decomposition of organic material was proven to be more active by observing the compost temperature, the oxygen (O$_2$) consumption, and the cumulative carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) profile. However, the quantity of compost mix-ing seemed not to influence the reaction as long as the minimum required amount was mixed. The feeding of com-mercially produced microorganism had a tendency to prolong the thermophilic stage, which helped to increase the decomposition but it resulted in composting period. Regardless of the composting condition, bacteria and actinomycetes increased in population as the reaction approached to the end. The population of bacteria and actinomycetes were rel-atively higher than those of fungi and yeast throughout the reaction.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.509-514
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• 1999

The sewage sludges and livestock manures, respectively, were composted with sawdust used for control moisture in the static piles system composter. The variations of temperature, pH, moisture, C/N ratio, inorganic content, forms of organic materials and nitrogen, and contents of heavy metals were investigated. The results were summarized as follows ; The temperature for composting the sewage sludges reached the highest temperature of 52$^{\circ}C$, after 3 days and lasted for 7 days, and then went down 3$0^{\circ}C$ after 52 days. In the case of composting livestock manures, the temperature reached to 63$^{\circ}C$ after 10 days, that lasted for 10 days, and then went down gradually. After upsetting the sewage sludges and livestock manures for composting were decreased to 30% and 36%, respectively. The contents of inorganic matters and heavy metals were changed by the characteristics of raw materials but increased gradually during composting process. The total contents of organic materials in the sewage sludges and livestock manures for composting were decreased to 7% and 9%, respectively. The contents of ether extracts, resins, hemicellulose and cellulose were decreased but those of water soluble polysaccharides and lignins were not changed. The total contents of nitrogen in sewage sludges and livestock manures were decreased to 43% and 34%, respectively.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.83-102
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• 1995

Composting is an ecologically sound method of recycling organic waste. Its advantages include the maintenance of soil fertility and improvement of soil physicochemical property. It is an essential part of the waste minimization. That is, composting should be included to increase the recycling rate up to more than 20%. To encourage composting of waste, it is necessary to develop some effective composters of small scale facilities and densely populated areas. For medium and large-size facilities, the optimum process should be selected. Technical counselling and support is desirable for small scale composters for urban residential and rural area. On the other hand, adequate amendment of relevant legislation should be followed to encourage composting. An example of unreasonable legislation is the current fertilizer management act. According to the regulation, the maximum allowable limit of lead in the compost is less than 150ppm, which is too strict. This limit should be increased to at least 300ppm, which is the observed level in most states in USA. At the same time, sound infrastructure should be established and decent publicity work should be achieved to accelerate composting activity. In this paper the desirable standard for some heavy metal concentration in the compost were suggested.