• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.548-557
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• 2009

For centuries, forests have been a key component of rural livelihood. They are important both socially and economically in Nepal. Firewood and fodder are the basic forest products that are extracted daily or weekly basis in most of the rural areas in Nepal. In this study, a field survey of 100 households was conducted to examine the degree of forest dependency and forest resource availability, households' livelihood strategy and their relationship with forest dependency in Chitwan, Nepal. A household' response indexes were constructed, Gini coefficient, Head Count Poverty Index (HCI) and Poverty Gap Index (PGI) were calculated and one way ANOVA test was also performed for data analysis. Data revealed that 82/81% of all households were constantly used forest for firewood and fodder collection respectively while 42% of households were used forest or forest fringe for grazing. The Forest Product Availability Indexes (FPAI) showed a sharp decline of forest resources from 0.781 to 0.308 for a 20-yr time horizon while timber wood was noticeably lowered than the other products. Yet, about 33% of households were below the poverty threshold line with 0.0945 PGI. Income distribution among the household showed a lower Gini coefficient 0.25 than 0.37 of landholdings size. However, mean income was significantly varies with F-statistics=246.348 at P=0.05 between income groups (rich, medium and poor). The extraction of firewood, fodder and other forest products were significantly different between the income group with F-statistics=16.480, 19.930, 29.956 at P=0.05 respectively. Similarly, landholdings size and education were also significantly different between the income groups with F-statistics=4.333, 5.981 at P=0.05 respectively. These findings suggested that income status of households was the major indicator of forest dependency while poor and medium groups were highly dependent on the forests for firewood, fodder and other products. Forest dependency still remains high and the availability of forest products that can be extracted from the remaining forestlands is decreasing. The high dependency of households on forest coupled with other socioeconomic attributes like education, poverty, small landholders and so on were possibly caused the forest degradation in Chitwan.Therefore, policy must be directed towards the poor livelihood supporting agenda that may enhance the financial conditions of rural households while it could reduce the degree of forest dependency inspired with other income generating activities in due course.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.313-320
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the freshness of chicken meat during 19 d of storage at $4^{\circ}C$ using a portable electronic nose. The portable system consisted of six different metal oxide sensors and a moisture sensor. Determination of volatile compounds with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, total bacterial count (TBC), and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) monitored the quality change of the samples. These results were compared with the results measured by the electronic nose system. TBC and TBARS measurements could be separated into five groups and seven groups, respectively, among ten groups. According to principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis with the signals of the portable electronic nose, the sample groups could be clearly separated into eight groups and nine groups, respectively, among ten groups. The portable electronic nose demonstrated potential for evaluating freshness of stored chicken.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1050-1057
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• 1997

Microbial counts, enzyme activities and taste components of traditional kochujangs prepared with the powders from 4 different varieties of red pepper, were investigated during 90 days fermentation for the industrial production of traditional kochujang. The viable cell counts of anaerobic bacteria in kochujangs did not change remarkably during fermentation, however, aerobic bacterial counts showed a rapid increase up to 90 days of aging. The yeasts in all kochujang samples increased until 60 days of aging and than decreased. After 90 days of aging, the count of aerobic bacteria in Kumtop kochujang was higher than those of others. The activities of liquefying amylase decreased during the aging, but those of saccharogenic amylase increased at 60 days of aging. The activities of neutral protease were higher than those of acidic protease, and increased during the middle and last period of aging. The major free sugars of kochujang were maltose and glucose, and their contents were higher in Hongkwang kochujang. The major organic acids of kochujang were succinic, formic and citric acid, followed by lactic acid. Succinic acid content in kochujang decreased during fermentation, whereas formic and citirc acids were increased. The major free amino acids were serine, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine. Kumtop kochujang contained the highest amount of total free amino acids. Among the nucleotides and related components in kochujang, cytidine-5-monophosphate was the most abundant component at the begining of aging period, while hypoxanthine increased remarkably during fermentation. Hanwang kochujang was higher in the content of nucleotides than others. Capsaicin contents of kochujang decreased during aging and those of Jangter kochujang was higher than that of others. Sensory evaluation showed that Jangter kochujang was significantly better than Kumtop kochujang in overall acceptability, but there were no appreciable differences in color and flavor.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.726-737
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• 2023

Piperine, the main bioactive component of black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.), has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. This study evaluated the supplemental effects of piperine or black pepper on innate immunity, growth, feed utilization efficiency, and intestinal morphology in red seabream (Pagrus major). Six experimental diets were formulated, supplementing piperine at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg levels (Con, P25, P50, P100, and P200) or 1.0 g/kg black pepper (BP100). Juvenile fish (7.6 ± 0.1 g) were randomly stocked into 18 circular tanks (220 L), including 30 fish per tank. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups, and the feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks. The results showed that final body weight, specific growth rate, weight gain, and feed utilization efficiency were significantly improved (p < 0.05) when piperine was supplemented into diets at 0.25-2.0 g/kg levels compared to the Con group. Compared to the Con diet, condition factor was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in fish fed with dietary piperine at 0.25-2.0 g/kg or BP100 diet. Serum myeloperoxidase activity was increased (p < 0.05) in P25 and P100 groups and antiprotease activity was increased (p < 0.05) in P100 group compared to the Con group. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) lysozyme activity was observed in P50, P100, P200 and BP100 groups, while total immunoglobulin level was increased in P50, P100 and BP100 groups than Con group. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased (p < 0.05) by dietary piperine at 0.25-2.0 g/kg levels and BP100 diet compared to Con diet. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in fish fed with piperine (0.5-2.0 g/kg) or BP100 compared to the Con diet. Compared to the Con diet significantly longer (p < 0.05) intestinal villi were observed in fish fed with piperine at 0.25-1.0 g/kg levels, and higher goblet cell count was observed in P25 and BP100 groups. Dietary inclusion of piperine would be a potent immunostimulant in fish diet and the optimum supplementation level would be 0.25-1.0 g/kg.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.601-611
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to integrate onion juice into traditional Korean soy sauce and to evaluate the sterilization conditions necessary for commercialization. As the sterilization temperature increased, pH decreased and titratable acidity increased. A reduction in °Brix was observed post-sterilization, from 37.37 °Brix in untreated soy sauce to 36.67-36.77 °Brix. In terms of chromaticity, the L value declined over the storage period while the a and b values increased. The quercetin component exhibited light sensitivity, with no significant difference observed in the sample on the 60th day. Neither Bacillus cereus nor Clostridium perfringens were detected, and the total bacterial count was comparable to that of commercially available soy sauce. This indicates that samples sterilized at 85℃ for 30 minutes fall within a safe quality range. Sensory evaluation revealed that samples sterilized at 85℃ for 30 minutes exhibited consistently high ratings.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.231-237
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• 1999

It is very distinctive that sigumjang meju was produced with smoking after molding. Every shapes of traditional sigumjang meju gathered from Kyeongsangbukdo were doughnut types. Fermentation time were $60{\sim}90$ days. Aerobic bacteria were $6.8{\times}10^7\;cfu/g$, and anaerobic bacteria, yeasts, molds count $3.2{\times}10^6\;cfu/g,\;1.0{\times}10^6\;cfu/g\;and\;4.0{\times}10^6\;cfu/g$, respectively. Analysis showed: moisture content, $10.5{\pm}2.6%$; fat content, $2.9{\pm}1.1%$; protein content, $8.3{\pm}0.7%$; ash content, $3.8{\pm}0.7%$; pH, $6.0{\pm}0.5$; L-value, $54.5{\pm}4.7$; a-value, $+3.3{\pm}0.7$; and b-value, $+10.7{\pm}2.0$. K content was the most in quantity among the minerals in sigumjang meju. Maltose was most abundant component among the tested sugars followed by mannitol. Total content of amino acid was $1524.9{\pm}1295.3\;mg%$. Proline was the most abundant component among the amino acids. The ratio of essential amino acid was $30.0{\pm}12.9%$. The principal fatty acids were 18:2, 18:1 and 16:0. Saturated fatty acid and mono unsaturated fatty acid were $23.2{\pm}1.9%\;and\;23.5{\pm}5.2%$, respectively. The PUFA/SFA was $2.3{\pm,}0.3$ which higher than 1.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.513-520
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• 2006

Spray-dried (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) takju powders were stored at 5, 15 and $25^{\circ}C$, and various quality characteristics such as moisture, amino nitrogen, color value, total viable cell count, total sugar, reducing sugar organic acid, and flavor compounds were measured for 50 days at 10-day intervals. After 50 days of storage, the moisture content was increased from an initial 6.64% to 7.24-7.38% in the SD powder, and from an initial 4.86 to 5.43-5.61% in the FD powder. pH, total acid content and total viable cell counts were slightly increased. Organic acid content was decreased in the SD powder from an initial 3,949.9 mg% to 805.9-922.3 mg%, and in the FD powder from an initial 5,171.5 mg% to 3,646.0-4,110.2 mg%. Amino nitrogen content was increased in the SD powder from an initial 1.2% to 1.9-2.2% and in the FD powder from an initial 1.9% to 2.2-2.5%. Total sugar and reducing sugar contents were increased in the SD powder from an initial 17.2% and 4.0% to 25.9-27.3% and 5.8-6.9%, and in the FD powder from an initial 19.1% and 5.2% to 29.2-30.2% and 8.3-8.8%, respectively. With increasing storage time, L and b values in the SD powder increased slowly, while L value in the FD powder tended to decrease and b value tended to increase. About 20 major volatile flavor components were identified in the SD and FD powders by GC-MS and all such component levels were decreased with increasing storage time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.838-847
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• 1999

Based on the results that the extract of Korean mistletoe (KM-110) has immunological and anti-tumor activities and its main component is lectin called KML-U, this study was carried out to investigate the immunostimulatory and anti-tumor activities of FKM-110, fermented KM-110 with lactobacillus, as a basic study for the development of functional food with anti-tumor activity. The amount of lectin after fermentation determined by ELISA was varied with the fermentation time and kinds of lactobacillus. Cytotoxic effects of FKM-110 on the various tumor cells was significant and dependent on the concentration of KML-U and the kinds of lactobacillus. FKM-110 stimulated macrophage and resulted in the secretion of some cytokines such as IL-1 and $IFN-{\gamma}$, but this effect was not correlated with the concentration of lectin. FKM-110 fermented with Marshall Lactobacillus casei showed the most potent antitumor activity in experimental and spontaneous metastasis models. When yoghurt produced with KM-110, Marshall Lactobacillus casei and skim milk was administered orally to mouse, the metastasis of tumor cells was significantly inhibited.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2009

Effects of stress on the low salinity stress were examined in the pacific abalone Haliotis discus discus. Changes in survival rate, hemolymph count, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase: CAT and superoxide dismutase: SOD), respiratory burst activity, phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA were measured 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48hours after low salinity treatment with 25, 30, 33 and 35 psu. Survival rates of pacific abalone were 100% at 33 and 35 psu, but 93 and 97% at 25 and 30 psu for 48 hours, respectively. Hemolymph counts decreased in the time elapsed-dependent way at all of the experimental groups. At low salinity, 25 and 30 psu, SOD and CAT activity increased compared to the experimental group of 33 psu. Moreover, respiratory burst activities of the pacific abalone seemed to have no effect on low salinity stress at any experimental group. However, phenoloxidase activity is an important component of the defence against pathogen that was decreased in a reduction of salinity dependent way. Lysozyme activity also immediately reduced at 25 psu experimental group for 48 h. The HSP70 mRNA was weakly expressed at 33 psu, but strongly detectable at 25 psu experimental group. The HSP 70 mRNA expression in gill increased in the time elapsed-dependent way at 25 psu experimental group and then recovered at 48 h. These results suggest that low salinity stress give rise to inhibitory action of immune system as a result of the decrease of phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity in the pacific abalone, especially.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.265-270
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• 1997

Purpose: Rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment remain the cornerstone of management of patients with meningitis. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) for glucose, protein, cells, and organisms is necessary for accurate diagnosis, but in many parts of the world facilities do not exist to do so. We tested CSF samples from 69 children with suspected meningitis with urinary reagent strips and analyzed the results to know the usability of urinary reagent strips in diagnosis of meningitis. Methods: 69 CSF samples obtained from children with suspected meningitis were analysed. Each sample was divided into two; one was sent to the laboratory for routine diagnostic evaluation, and the other was tested with the reagent strip(Combur10 Test M). Laboratory values of CSF glucose, protein, and leucocytes for each CSF sample were plotted against the corresponding reagent-strip category. Results: There was good agreement between the dipstick and laboratory values for CSF protein and cell count but not for glucose. Conclusion: Rapid diagnosis of meningitis could be made with three component of the Combur10 test strip. It is easy to do and would be of particular value to those working in parts of the world where no laboratory facilities exist.