• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.56-71
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• 2023

Citizens' needs for urban green spaces are on the rise due to improved quality of life and increased interest in environments. The garden is noteworthy because it is small in size, making it less controversial to create in the city, and it is adjacent to the residential area, improving citizens' daily environment. Moreover, recently gardens is attracting attention as a tool for urban regeneration, such as being created in declining areas as part of a government project. Therefore, it is time to study the role and value of urban gardens in deteriorated areas in terms of space welfare. However, there are few studies that quantitatively evaluate the effects of gardens, and many prior studies are limited to focusing the green space larger than a certain size (e.g., parks and forests). Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of garden and gardening quantitatively, paying attention to social aspects such as life satisfaction and community of inhabitants. The study was conducted in an old row housing complex in Gojan1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do. In there, some of the dwellers voluntarily created outdoor gardens and engaged in gardening for a long time. In addition, after the 2017 Gyeonggi-do Garden Fair, several gardens have been maintained and used by residents there. For the first step, the field trip was done to research the status of the garden in the area, and then, a survey was conducted on whether or not gardening has an impact on the life satisfaction and community of residents. The results were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. As a result, residents who are engaged in gardening are more active in the "neighborhood exchange" and "resident participation" than those who are not engaged in gardening. In addition, if residents voluntarily create a garden, the level of "satisfaction of life" is higher than those staying in the garden which is constructed by the government. And a resident who is gardening in the complex shows higher life satisfaction than those who garden outside of the complex. These results confirmed that the garden has positive effects promoting "exchanges with neighbors", "participation in the community", and "life satisfaction" of residents. It shows that it is important to ensure the right of residents to participate in the garden-making process as much as possible, and the garden's location should be paid attention to maximize the positive effect of gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.68-92
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• 1995

Recentry the structure of the retail trade have been chanaed with its environmantal changes. Some studies may be necessary on the changing process of environment and fundamental structure analyses of the retail trade. This study analyzes the location of retail trades, inhabitants' behavior in retail tredes and their desirable utilization scheme of them in Kwangju-si. Some study methods, contents and coming-out results are as follows: 1. Retail trades can be classified into independent stores, chain-stores (supermarket, voluntary chain and frenchiise system and convenience store), department stores, cooperative associations, traditional, markets mail-order marketing, automatic vending and others by service levels, selling-items, prices, managements, methods of retailing and store or nonstore type. 2. In Kwangju, the environment of retail trades is related to the consumers of population structure: chanes in consumers pattern, trends toward agings and nuclear family, increase of leisur: time and female advances to society. Rapid structural shift in retail trade has also been occurred due to these social changes. Traditionl and premodern markets until 1970s altere to supermarkets or department stores in 1980s, and various types, large enterprises and foreign capitals came into being in 1990s. 3. The locational characteristics of retail trades are resulted from the spatial analysis of the total population distribution, and from the calculation of segregation index in the light of potential demand. The densely-populated areas occurs in newly-built apartment housing complex which is distributed with a ring-shaped pattern around the old urban core. The numbers and rates of the aged over sixty in Kwangsan-gu and the circumference area of Mt.Moodeung, are larger and higher where rural elements are remarkable. A relation between population distribution and retail trade are analysed by the index of population per shop. The index of the population number per shop is lower in urban center, as a whole, being more convenient for consumers. In newly-formed apartment complex areas, on the other, the index more than 1,000 per shop, meeting not the demands for consumers. Because both the younger and the aged are numerous in these areas, the retail trade pattern pertinent to both are needed. Urban fringes including Kwangsan-gu and the vicinity of Mt.Moodeung have some problems owing to the most of population number per shop (more than 1, 500) and the most extensive as well. 4. The regional characteristic of retail trade is analyzed through the location quotient of shops by locational patterns and centerality index. Chungkum-dong is the highest-order central place in CBD. It is the core of retail trades, which has higher-ordered specialty store including three big department stores, supermarkets and large stores. Taegum-dong, Chungsu-dong, Taeui-dong, and Numun-dong that are neiahbored to Chungkum-dong fall on the second group. They have a central commercial section where large chain stores, specialty shopping streets, narrow-line retailing shops (furniture, amusement service, and gallary), supermarkets and daily markets are located. The third group is formed on the axis of state roads linking to Naju-kun, Changseong-kun, Tamyang-kun, Hwasun-kun and forme-Songjeong-eup. It is related to newly, rising apartment housing complex along a trunk road, and characterized by markets and specialty stores. The fourth group has neibourhood-shopping centers including older residential area and Songjeong-eup area with independent stores and supermarkets as main retailing functions. The last group contains inner residential area and outer part of a city including Songjeong-eup. Outer part of miscellaneous shops being occasionally found is rural rather than urban (Fig. 7). 5. The residents' behaviors using retail trade are analyzed by factors of goods and facilities. Department stores are very high level in preference for higher-order shopping-goods such as clothes for full dress in view of both diversity and quality of goods(28.9%). But they have severe traffic congestions, and high competitions for market ranges caused by their sma . 64.0% of respondents make combined purpose trips together with banking and shopping. 6. For more efficiency of retail-trading, it is necessary to induce spatial distribution policy with regard to opportunity frequency of goods selection by central place, frontier regions and age groups. Also we must consider to analyze competition among different types of retail trade and analyze the consumption behaviors of working females and younger-aged groups, in aspects of time and space. Service improvement and the rationalization of management should be accomplished in such as cooperative location (situation) must be under consideration in relations to other functions such as finance, leisure & sports, and culture centers. Various service systems such as installment, credit card and peremium ticket, new used by enterprises, must also be carried service improvement. The rationalization and professionalization in for the commercial goods are bsically requested.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2018

In this research, a biofilter system equipped with a biofilter process and a humidifier composed of a fluidized aerobic and an anoxic reactor, was constructed to treat odorous waste air containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and VOC, frequently generated from pig and poultry housing facilities, compost manufacturing factories and publicly owned facilities. Its optimum operating condition was revealed and discussed. In the experiment of complex feed, the ammonia of fed-waste air was removed by ca. 75% and more than 20% at the stage of the humidifier and the biofilter, respectively. The toluene of the fed-waste air was removed by ca. 20% and more than 70% at the stage of the humidifier and the biofilter, respectively. Therefore the water-soluble ammonia and the water-insoluble toluene were treated mainly at the stage of the humidifier and the biofilter, respectively. In addition, hydrogen sulfide was almost absorbed at the stage of the humidifier so that it was not detected at the biofilter process. In the experiment of ammonia-containing feed, the ammonia of fed-waste air was removed by ca. 65% and 35% at the stage of the humidifier and the biofilter, respectively. Its removal efficiency of ammonia at the stage of the humidifier was 10% less than that in the experiment of complex feed, due to no supply of such carbon source as toluene required in the process of denitrification. In the experiments of complex feed, ammonia-containing feed with and without (instead, glucose) the addition of yeast extract, the absorption rates of ammonia-nitrogen were ca. 0.28 mg/min, 0.23 mg/min and 0.27 mg/min, respectively. The corresponding denitrification rates in the anoxic reactor were 0.42 mg/min, 0.55 mg/min and 0.27 mg/min, respectively. In addition, in the modeling of bubble column(the fluidized aerobic reactor of the humidifier) process, the value of specific surface area(a) of bubbles multiplied by enhanced mass transfer coefficient (E $K_y$) was evaluated to be 0.12/hr.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.111-123
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• 2011

A Ubiquitous-Ecological City (U-Eco City) is the new urban paradigm integrated with ubiquitous-city (U-City) connecting the high-tech IT technology to the urvan space with the concept of the sustainable eco-city. As a U-Eco City is attempted for the first time domestically and internationally, there is insufficient discussions for its develoment goal, planned design proposal, technology and service element and others. Even if there are plans to build up it, policy and technology, service structuring business and others, it is difficult to assess how it would bring the efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present the indicators system to assess a U-Eco City. The results of this study revealed the following; First, the conceptual framework, which was established to achieve sustainable urban quality, can be suggested by establishing its notion of the U-Eco City. The concept of a U-Eco City as established in this study suggests that the economic development in growth-oriented level has to be conducted not only quality of urban environment but also in terms of sustainable to consider the complex impact of various development; Secondly, the developed assessment system has heightened the completeness as the evaluation index through the attitude survey. As a result of questionnaire survey with the subject of specialists and interested party of this study, the urban qualitative aspect is formulated for the stability as a relatively important aspect. For the urban continuity aspect, society, environment and economy have all similar importance, but the environment element was shown to be highest. And finally, subject area was selected on the basis of the evaluation system and the analysis was made on the basis of the implementation design plan of the area. As a result of the assessment, safety and economy have shown to be high. This is indirectly indicated for the priority in economic growth driven development plan unlike the importance of environmental continuity obtained through the attitude survey. When planning on urban development, there is a need for supplementing the environment part and it has to present the connection plan between the economic growth and environmental continuity.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.55-71
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• 2022

Recently, the domestic department store industry is growing into a complex shopping cultural space, which is advanced and differentiated by changes in consumption patterns. In addition, competition is intensifying across 70 places operated by five large companies. This study investigates the determinants of the visits to department stores using the big data concept's automatic vehicle access system (pos) and proposes how to strengthen the competitiveness of the department store industry. We use a negative binomial regression test to predict the frequency of visits to 67 branches, except for three branches whose annual sales were incomplete due to the new opening in 2021. The results show that the demand for visiting department stores is positively associated with airport, terminal, and train stations, land areas, parking lots, VIP lounge numbers, luxury store ratio, F&B store numbers, non-commercial areas, and hotels. We suggest four strategies to enhance the competitiveness of domestic department stores. First, department store consumers have a high preference for luxury brands. Therefore, department stores need to form their own overseas buyer teams to discover and attract new luxury brands and attract customers who have a high demand for luxury brands. In addition, to attract consumers with high purchasing power and loyalty, it is necessary to provide more differentiated products and services for VIP customers than before. Second, it is desirable to focus on transportation hub areas such as train stations, airports, and terminals in Gyeonggi and Incheon. Third, department stores should attract tenants who can satisfy customers, given that key tenants are an important component of advanced shopping centers for department stores. Finally, the department store, a top-end shopping center, should be developed as a space with differentiated shopping, culture, dining out, and leisure services, such as "The Hyundai", which opened in 2021, to ensure future growth potential.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.391-402
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• 2020

Health Impact Assessment based on municipal law is performed and written in the sanitary and public health part in the current environmental impact assessment. Residential development projects such as housing site development etc., are not subject to health impact assessment under Article 13 of the Environmental Health Act. However, health impact assessment is conducted partially based on the review that health impact assessment targets which are identified among substances emitted from pollutants nearby industrial complexes should be assessed risk (including carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) at the stage of the environmental impact assessment consultation. Although residential development projects do not have plans for pollutant emitting facilities that emit hazardous air pollutants, there is a possibility that residents might be affected by pollutants from industrial complex near residential area in the future. In this study, Health impact assessment was conducted to examine the impact on residents in planned areas by analyzing previous residential development projects. We predicted future impact by using the literature survey results on surrounding area (case1) and conducting contribution analysis (case2) and predicting exposure concentration of carcinogenic substances applying Atmospheric Diffusion Model (AERMOD). By this study, we concluded that applying on-site survey, contribution analysis and prediction of exposure concentration by using AERMOD complementarily will be effective to assess the health impact to the receptors by pollutants from industrial complexes near the planned zone.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2018

In Seoul, the capital of South Korea, developers of apartment complexes are responsible for including community facilities - senior citizen centers, child care centers, small libraries, and so forth - according to the current Regulations on the Housing Construction Standard Article 2 and 55. These standards have long required certain community facilities, depending on the number of households in each apartment complex, without fully considering whether such provisions meet that community's needs. In this study, we aimed to reveal whether the current provision of community facilities responds to local preference. We conducted surveys of residents in randomly selected ten apartment complexes in Seoul to determine residents' preferences on community facilities using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). We then compared the survey results with these complexes' current facilities. Our findings showed mismatches between residents' preferences and provisions: outdoor sports facilities, child care centers, and small libraries were found to be strongly preferred, but not provided in some apartment complexes within the study, whereas less-preferred facilities such as senior citizen centers were provided in all complexes. Through this study, we could conclude that current standards regarding the provision of community facilities in Seoul's apartment complexes should be altered to reflect the preferences of residents in apartment complexes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.661-670
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• 2016

In 2000, post-construction evaluation was introduced for the purposes to evaluate demand, cost, and construction period of public construction projects and to reduce errors of public order agencies. However, pricing guide of post-construction evaluation has not been established, which becomes a cause of quality degradation of post-construction service and conflict occurrence. This study suggests the pricing guide in the form of percentage of construction cost method and cost plus fee method based on data of post-construction evaluation. This study investigates the construction costs and service costs for post-construction evaluation and conducts the comparative analysis of 'percentage of construction cost method' and 'cost plus fee method.' The analysis result shows 'cost plus fee method' is more accuracy than 'percentage of construction cost method.' In particular, cost plus fee method includes various correction coefficients, such as distance, area, and integration, in order to reflect the project characteristics of each infrastructure, and suggests linear construction (roads, railways), nonlinear construction I (housing and industry complex), and nonlinear construction II (airports, seaports, dams, water and sewage).

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.615-627
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of urban sprawl and their ramifications, i.e. segmentation and hierarchization on the spatial structure as well as populational composition, focusing on Daecheon - Village and Daecheoncheon - Network in Busan, and to examine not only the solidarity between constituents transcending the segmented spaces but also the internal values operating inside through the Daecheoncheon - Network. Due to the large - scale housing development in the 1980s to 1990s, Daecheon - Village has been transformed from a rural village to a town. In this process, the original single space became segmented into Daecheon - Village and apartment complex. This spatial segmentation divided the populational composition into old natives and young immigrants. However, the Daecheoncheon - Network created by solidarity between the bodies of two localities enabled the residents to resolve the urgent issues of localities, recognizing their own space of living not as segmented and hierarchic but as the communal site of life and one village where they will live together. Daecheoncheon-Network was the movement and network to connect natives and immigrants transcending the segmented space and went so far as to make a motive to create one community with the value of 'symbiosis.'

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.467-476
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• 2013

With increasing interest in environmental issues and the quality of surface water becoming inadequate for water supply, the Korean government has launched a groundwater development policy to satisfy the demand for clean water. To drive this policy effectively, it is essential to guarantee the accuracy of sustainable groundwater yield and groundwater use amount. In this study, groundwater use was monitored over several years at various locations in Korea (32 cities/counties in 5 provinces) to obtain accurate groundwater use data. Statistical analysis of the results was performed as a method for estimating rational groundwater use. For the case of groundwater use for living purposes, we classified the cities/counties into three regional types (urban, rural, and urban-rural complex) and divided the groundwater facilities into five types (domestic use, apartment housing, small-scale water supply, schools, and businesses) according to use. For the case of agricultural use, we defined three regional types based on rainfall intensity (average rainfall, below-average rainfall, and above-average rainfall) and the facilities into six types (rice farming, dry-field farming, floriculture, livestock-cows, livestock-pigs, and livestock-chickens). Finally, we developed groundwater-use estimation equations for each region and use type, using cluster analysis and regression model analysis of the monitoring data. The results will enhance the reliability of national groundwater statistics.