• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 1979

A review of this literature and discussions reveal a development of ideas concerning the elements of nursing models. The elements of a nursing model are the nurses view of the human being, nursing's goal, and nursing activities. It has long been recognized that human beings, at one time or another, require nursing care. Varieties of literature were reviewed in regard to the human being as recipient of nursing care through the theory development in nursing. Florence Nightingale initiated the modern era of nursing and described more clearly man as the recipient of nursing care. She looked at man as responding to the laws of nature whether the person was healthy or sick. Henderson added to Nightingale's concept of man , the recipient of nursing care by emphasizing that man is a whole, complete, and independent being. Her view is further specified by her enumeration of the activities the human being must perform. Johnson has developed a very comprehensive view of man as the recipient of nursing care. Man is a behavioral system which has a tendency to achieve and maintain stability in patterns of functioning. Like Nightingale, Johnson sees that similar patterns occur in both health and illness. Johnson postulates that the whole behavioral system of the human is composed of eight sub-systems: affiliative, achievement, aggressive, dependency, eliminative, ingestive, restorative, sexual. Roger's main contribution to the development of nursing models was her emphasis upon unitary man. She pointed out that man is a unified whole, possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that“are more than and different from the sum of his parts.”Rogers focuses on the life processes of the human and points out that these processes have the following characteristics. Wholeness, openness, unidirectionality, pattern and organization, sentence, and thought. According to Roy, man is a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment. To cope with this changing environment, man has certain innate and acquired mechanisms. Man's ability to respond positively or to adapt, depends upon the degree of the change taking place and the state of the person coping with the change. When she analyzes man as an adaptive organism she further describes man as being composed of four adaptive modes: physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Based on the literary review through the theory development in nursing, general approach by a unified nursing model to a view of the recipient of nursing care may be stated as follows: Man is a unified whole composed of subsystems with a flexible and normal line of defense; his internal regulating mechanisms help him to cope with a changing environment; he functions by the principles of homeodynamics.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.365-372
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• 2017

Squat exercise is one of the important free weight exercises that can safely and effectively expect the athletic performance by establishing the rationale. Therefore, it is necessary to study the side effects caused by incorrect exercise, scientific countermeasures and to develop a exercise estimation model. It is effective and accurate to use a variety of assistive devices to calibrate athletic posture. The issues of the structural analysis for designing a foot plate for squat exercise is to model the behavior by the dynamic behavior. It should be consider that the center of gravity of each segmented body is different when the maximum load is applied. It is applied to complete system design through simulation method with kinematic dynamic, ground reaction force and load analysis for the free weight exercise equipment, VR device, and safety foot plate. In this paper, the authors propose the design method for the vertical load distribution applied in the design of the foot plate used for the squat exercise mechanism, and based on these results, design make the more safe and reliable free weight exercise equipment system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2003

This study aims to figure out water quality impacts due to sudden disturbances of sediments during dike construction in land reclamation for the northern part of the Siwhaho Lake where heavily deteriorated settlements from upstream loadings are outstanding. We exploit a 3-D water quality model CE-QUAL-ICM combined with a hydrodynamic model TIDE3D. Simulations are done accounting water-sediment interaction in a 4-$\sigma$ layers. Long-term simulation for 1-year shows that bottom layers around the disturbance location are only affected and marks very high concentration. Complete vertical mixing appears at least 5km apart to downward due to complex effects of geometry, bathymetry and river inflows. It should be addressed that existing condition of the Siwhaho Lake stands for high concentration of COD and TP in winter and spring due to relatively high incoming loadings, however the effect of sediment disturbances yields reverse phenomena, i.e., impacts of dike construction arise greatly in summer and fall. Refined grid system consisting of 150m${\times}$150m rectangular grid, which is doubled system compared to previous study (Suh et al.,2002), gives affordable results by reducing flux differences through a cell especially in front of gate.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 1997

Influence of the axial dispersion on immobilized enzyme catalytic bed was investigated in order to examine the kinetic behavior of the biocatalysis. The enzyme employed in this study was the tyrosinase(EC 1.14.18.1) immobilized on carbon support : this system requires two substrates of phenol and oxygen. This enzyme has potential application for phenol degradation in waste water. A simulated reactor was a packed-bed reactor of 2.54cm in diameter and 10cm long, loaded with the immobilized carbon particle with an average diameter of $550{\mu}m$. A phenol feed in the strength of 55.5mM(5220ppm) was used to observe the behavior of the immobilized enzyme column at three different dissolved oxygen levels of 0.08445mM(2.7ppm), 0.1689mM(5.4ppm) and 0.3378mM(9.5ppm) with the flow rates in the range of 60(1mL/s) to 180mL/min(3mL/s). Examination of the Biot number and Damkolher numbers of the immobilized system enables us to eliminate the contribution of external mass transfer to set of differential equations derived from the dispersion model. Solution of the equation was finally obtained numerically with the application of the Danckwert boundary conditions and the assumed zero-and first order rates on the non-linear two substrate enzyme kinetics. Higher conversion of phenol was observed at the low flow rates and at the higher oxygen concentration. Comparison of axial dispersion and plug flow model showed that no detectable difference was observed in the column outlet conversion between the axial and the plug flow models which was in complete agreement with the previous studies.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 1999

At present, many ground stations all over the world are using NORAD orbit element data in order to track and communicate with Earth orbiting satellites. The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) observes thousands of Earth orbiting objects on daily basis and provides their orbital information via internet. The orbital data provided by NORAD, which is also called two line element (TLE) sets, allows ground stations to predict the time-varying positions of satellites accurately enough to communicate with the satellites. In order to complete the mission of a high resolution remote sensing satellite which requires very high positional determination and control accuracy, however, a mission control and tracking ground station is dedicated for the observation and positional determination of the satellite rather than using NORAD orbital sets. In the case of KITSAT-3, NORAD orbital elements are currently used for image acquisition planning and for the processing of acquired images due to the absence of a dedicated KITSAT-3 tracking ground system. In this paper, we tested and analyzed the accuracy of NORAD orbital elements and the appropriate prediction model to determine how accurately a satellite acquisites an image of the location of interest and how accurately a ground processing system can generate the catalog of the images.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2012

This study intends to suggest the cooperative, win-win collaboration, as methods for settling disputes with the existing self-employed people over back-street business areas and disputes and conflicts between a franchiser and franchisees. In addition, it intends to analyze the Dunkin' Donuts purchasing cooperative in the US, where the franchising industry has been well developed; and to find the implications of cooperation strategies between Dunkin' Donuts and its franchisees that may be helpful for the South Korea's franchising industry. This study tries to discover a new model of the Korean-style franchise cooperative out of the basic principles and practice guidelines of cooperatives ranging from an early American franchise cooperative in 1955 to ARCOP, KFC, and Dunkin' Doughnuts in the late 1970s. Further, it looks into successful programs of a purchasing cooperative at Dunkin' Donuts such as TDP (Total Distribution Program), SFP (Shortening Futures Program) and DCP (Distribution Commitment Program). The case of the US Dunkin' Donuts, which operates the purchasing cooperative, suggests the following for the improvement of franchisees' profitability. First, relations of cooperation rather than of power are necessary between a franchiser and franchisees. Second, mutual solidarity of franchisees is necessary. Third, problems proper to the Korean franchise system should be improved. Fourth, an entrepreneurial spirit of going together rather than going fast is required. Fifth, complete satisfaction management is required. Considering different system environments between the two countries such as quantitative expansion within a short franchising history of 30 years or so and franchise profit models, there is a limit to generalizing down to a successful model of the win-win partnership cooperative. It is hoped that the sustainable management of the domestic franchising industry will be promoted in the future through the in-depth analysis of successful cooperatives.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.141-151
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• 2016

Purpose - Salesperson perceptions of the fairness and accuracy of a performance evaluation system were examined by managerial and professional employees of large organization. The performance evaluation process is central to many personal decisions such as attitude for job and sales performance. This study investigates the relationship between perceived evaluation fairness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and sales performance. The main purpose of this study is to develop and empirically test a comprehensive model of salespersons' perceived evaluation fairness on sales performance. For this purpose, we identified the structural relationship between perceived evaluation fairness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and sales performance. Also we investigate the mediating effects on job satisfaction and organizational commitment between perceived evaluation fairness and sales performance. Research design, data, and methodology - To empirically test these relationships, data were collected by in-depth interviews from sales managers and questionnaire surveys from 300 salespersons who work for sales area (credit card company, insurance company). Demographically, the overall sample was 91.6% female, 77.9% 30s and 40s, and 34% college educated, with an average tenure with their present organizations of 4 years. The questionnaire was composed of total 20 items dealing with frequency, quality, and consequences of perceived evaluation fairness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and sales performance. To test the research hypotheses, collected data analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structure equation model (SEM). Results - Through extensive and rigorous literature review process of related literature(Perceived evaluation fairness, Job satisfaction, Organizational commitment, Sales performance), research model and research hypothesis was set up. This study obtains the following research results. First, perceived evaluation fairness has a positive effect on job satisfaction, whereas the effects of perceived evaluation fairness on organizational commitment and sales performance did not show statistically significant result. Second, job satisfaction and organizational commitment have complete mediating roles to the relationship between perceived evaluation fairness and organizational commitment, and relationship between perceived evaluation fairness and sales performance. Conclusions - Based on the results, salespersons' perceived evaluation fairness is one of the key independent variable for making high job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and sales performance. Finally the theoretical, managerial implication and research limitations are mentioned in the discussion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2007

A sedimentation analysis has been attempted to figure out sedimentation environment due to construction of coastal jetties, such as fish harbor dike, flow guided dike and jetty in shallow Kusipo area, in which tidal range marks up to 6.6 meters in spring tide. As an initial approach of understanding field measurement were done on several stations along reference lines with total station and photo analysis taken by remote controlled small air craft far one and half years. Also numerical tests were done by 2-D ADCIRC model considering dry-wet treatment to evaluate flow and bottom shear stress variations. According to direct measurement, deposition seems to be dominant on Kusipo beach. Model results show bottom shear stress lessens to $0.10{\sim}0.15\;N/m^2$ on most shadow zone of jetties and the inner zone is suffering sedimentation as a result of dike construction. However this is the first approach with limited analysis, thus it should be dealt further considering physical characteristics of bottom sediments in a complete sediment model on upcoming study.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.213-226
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• 2011

In global supply chain, the scheduling problems of large products such as ships, airplanes, space shuttles, assembled constructions, and/or automobiles are complicated by nature. New scheduling systems are often developed in order to reduce inherent computational complexity. As a result, a problem can be decomposed into small sub-problems, problems that contain independently small scheduling systems integrating into the initial problem. As one of the authors experienced, DAS (Daewoo Shipbuilding Scheduling System) has adopted a two-layered hierarchical architecture. In the hierarchical architecture, individual scheduling systems composed of a high-level dock scheduler, DAS-ERECT and low-level assembly plant schedulers, DAS-PBS, DAS-3DS, DAS-NPS, and DAS-A7 try to search the best schedules under their own constraints. Moreover, the steep growth of communication technology and logistics enables it to introduce distributed multi-nation production plants by which different parts are produced by designated plants. Therefore vertical and lateral coordination among decomposed scheduling systems is necessary. No standard coordination mechanism of multiple scheduling systems exists, even though there are various scheduling systems existing in the area of scheduling research. Previous research regarding the coordination mechanism has mainly focused on external conversation without capacity model. Prior research has heavily focuses on agent-based coordination in the area of agent research. Yet, no scheduling domain has been developed. Previous research regarding the agent-based scheduling has paid its ample attention to internal coordination of scheduling process, a process that has not been efficient. In this study, we suggest a general framework for agent-based coordination of multiple scheduling systems in global supply chain. The purpose of this study was to design a standard coordination mechanism. To do so, we first define an individual scheduling agent responsible for their own plants and a meta-level coordination agent involved with each individual scheduling agent. We then suggest variables and values describing the individual scheduling agent and meta-level coordination agent. These variables and values are represented by Backus-Naur Form. Second, we suggest scheduling agent communication protocols for each scheduling agent topology classified into the system architectures, existence or nonexistence of coordinator, and directions of coordination. If there was a coordinating agent, an individual scheduling agent could communicate with another individual agent indirectly through the coordinator. On the other hand, if there was not any coordinating agent existing, an individual scheduling agent should communicate with another individual agent directly. To apply agent communication language specifically to the scheduling coordination domain, we had to additionally define an inner language, a language that suitably expresses scheduling coordination. A scheduling agent communication language is devised for the communication among agents independent of domain. We adopt three message layers which are ACL layer, scheduling coordination layer, and industry-specific layer. The ACL layer is a domain independent outer language layer. The scheduling coordination layer has terms necessary for scheduling coordination. The industry-specific layer expresses the industry specification. Third, in order to improve the efficiency of communication among scheduling agents and avoid possible infinite loops, we suggest a look-ahead load balancing model which supports to monitor participating agents and to analyze the status of the agents. To build the look-ahead load balancing model, the status of participating agents should be monitored. Most of all, the amount of sharing information should be considered. If complete information is collected, updating and maintenance cost of sharing information will be increasing although the frequency of communication will be decreasing. Therefore the level of detail and updating period of sharing information should be decided contingently. By means of this standard coordination mechanism, we can easily model coordination processes of multiple scheduling systems into supply chain. Finally, we apply this mechanism to shipbuilding domain and develop a prototype system which consists of a dock-scheduling agent, four assembly- plant-scheduling agents, and a meta-level coordination agent. A series of experiments using the real world data are used to empirically examine this mechanism. The results of this study show that the effect of agent-based platform on coordinated scheduling is evident in terms of the number of tardy jobs, tardiness, and makespan.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 2014

The ubiquitous accessibility of information through mobile devices has led to an increased mobility of workers from their fixed workplaces. Market researchers estimate that by 2016, 350 million workers will be using their smartphones for business purposes, and the use of smartphones will offer new business benefits. Enterprises are now adopting mobile technologies for numerous applications to increase their operational efficiency, improve their responsiveness and competitiveness, and cultivate their innovativeness. For these reasons, various organizational aspects concerning "mobile work" have received a great deal of recent attention. Moreover, many CIOs plan to allocate a considerable amount of their budgets mobile work environments. In particular, with the consumerization of information technology, enterprise mobile applications (EMA) have played a significant role in the explosive growth of mobile computing in the workplace, and even in improving sales for firms in this field. EMA can be defined as mobile technologies and role-based applications, as companies design them for specific roles and functions in organizations. Technically, EMA can be defined as business enterprise systems, including critical business functions that enable users to access enterprise systems via wireless mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets. Specifically, EMA enables employees to have greater access to real-time information, and provides them with simple features and functionalities that are easy for them to complete specific tasks. While the impact of EMA on organizational workers' productivity has been given considerable attention in various literatures, relatively little research effort has been made to examine how EMA actually lead to users' job performance. In particular, we have a limited understanding of what the key antecedents are of such an EMA usage outcome. In this paper, we focus on employees' perceived job performance as the outcome of EMA use, which indicates the successful role of EMA with regard to employees' tasks. Thus, to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship among EMA, its environment, and employees' perceived job performance, we develop a comprehensive model that considers the perceived-fit between EMA and employees' tasks, satisfaction on EMA, and the organizational environment. With this model, we try to examine EMA to explain how job performance through EMA is revealed from both the task-technology fit for EMA and satisfaction on EMA, while also considering the antecedent factors for these constructs. The objectives of this study are to address the following research questions: (1) How can employees successfully manage EMA in order to enhance their perceived job performance? (2) What internal and/or external factors are important antecedents in increasing EMA users' satisfaction on MES and task-technology fit for EMA? (3) What are the impacts of organizational (e.g. organizational agility), and task-related antecedents (e.g., task mobility) on task-technology fit for EMA? (4) What are the impacts of internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external antecedents (e.g., system reputation) for the habitual use of EMA? Based on a survey from 254 actual employees who use EMA in their workplace across industries, our results indicate that task-technology fit for EMA and satisfaction on EMA are positively associated with job performance. We also identify task mobility, organizational agility, and system accessibility that are found to be positively associated with task-technology fit for EMA. Further, we find that external factor, such as the reputation of EMA, and internal factor, such as self-efficacy for EMA that are found to be positively associated with the satisfaction of EMA. The present findings enable researchers and practitioners to understand the role of EMA, which facilitates organizational workers' efficient work processes, as well as the importance of task-technology fit for EMA. Our model provides a new set of antecedents and consequence variables for a TAM involving mobile applications. The research model also provides empirical evidence that EMA are important mobile services that positively influence individuals' performance. Our findings suggest that perceived organizational agility and task mobility do have a significant influence on task-technology fit for EMA usage through positive beliefs about EMA, that self-efficacy and system reputation can also influence individuals' satisfaction on EMA, and that these factors are important contingent factors for the impact of system satisfaction and perceived job performance. Our findings can help managers gauge the impact of EMA in terms of its contribution to job performance. Our results provide an explanation as to why many firms have recently adopted EMA for efficient business processes and productivity support. Our findings additionally suggest that the cognitive fit between task and technology can be an important requirement for the productivity support of EMA. Further, our study findings can help managers in formulating their strategies and building organizational culture that can affect employees perceived job performance. Managers, thus, can tailor their dependence on EMA as high or low, depending on their task's characteristics, to maximize the job performance in the workplace. Overall, this study strengthens our knowledge regarding the impact of mobile applications in organizational contexts, technology acceptance and the role of task characteristics. To conclude, we hope that our research inspires future studies exploring digital productivity in the workplace and/or taking the role of EMA into account for employee job performance.