• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-189
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• 2018

Under the principle of subsidiarity, the German family policy formed in the 1950s and 1960s minimized the role of the state while maximizing the role of the parents. The German Constitutional Court, however, ruled that the level of compensation for the financial burden of child support costs must follow the basic rights, not the principle of subsidiarity. The Federal Constitutional Court has taken the duty of protecting the human dignity of the state under Article 1 of the Constitution as the starting point of the judgment. The Federal Constitutional Court held that the dignity of a child is guaranteed only if the level of the child's allowance or deduction is equal to or higher than the level of the child standard benefit under the Social Assistance Act established by Congress. The Federal Constitutional Court also regarded the state to compensate parents for child support costs as much as the level of child standard benefit under the Social Assistance Act as a family protection obligation of the state under Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution. In addition, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the right to equality declared by Article 3 of the Constitution can be realized by compensating all parents for child support costs at the level of child standard benefit under the Social Assistance Act.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.213-216
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• 2009

Since adopting 1969 CLC and 1971 FC, IMO increased maximum amount of compensation by adopting protocols of 1969 CLC and 1971 FC. Recently IMO adopted 2003 Supplementary Fund by which the compensation limits increased dramatically to 750 million SDR. Korea government has only entered 1992CLC/FC. However, since the Hebei Spirit incident in 2007, there have been strong claims that Korea government should enter 2003 Supplementary Fund. In this article, feasibility study was carried out to help Korea government decide whether or not entering the Convention. The quantitative analysis has been carried out using data of the past oil spill accidents and contribution fee to IOPC Fund and showed that the benefit was much bigger than costs. The qualitative analysis in relation to resources fix compensation to victims, benefits of consignee, and the status of Korea in IMO also showed that Korea should ratify the 2003 SF.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1034-1041
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• 2013

Liquidated Damages is damages that have to be paid when a debtor could usually work off that which they owe, but didn't due to causes imputable. However, currently the Defense Acquisition Program Administration contracts with domestic businesses in case of delay of implementation occurs; they have to pay damages of deferment unlimitedly as a penalty concept, not in compensation about delay. With this in account, conflicts between the two continuesly happen. DAPA wastes administration and counter business costs increasingly burdening their budget. Defense and military procurement need to revise the compensation of deferment system. This paper analyzes the problems about that system, which is applied to domestic business, and also compares it with that of industrialized countries and suggests measures of set price caps in compensation of the deferment system.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.219-263
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• 2011

"Wrongful conception" is a medical malpractice claim in which the plaintiff is the parent of a normal, healthy infant whose conception was unplanned and unwanted. Medical malpractice in wrongful conception can be the result of a failure to provide informed consent to a patient, failure to properly perform a surgery, or a physician's negligent handling of a patient's problems. In the concrete, wrongful conception cases fall into two categories; those involving pre-conception negligence, such as a failed contraceptive, sterilization or failing of the controlling of embryo-number on the IVF, and those involving post-conception negligence, such as a failure to diagnose a pregnancy or to perform an abortion procedure. In addition, Medical malpractice can be the result of a failure to provide informed consent to a patient. When bad results occur by medical malpractice or failure to provide informed consent to a patient, the range of recovery of damages is decided by a traditional civil liability law. However the calculation of damages for wrongful conception is not easy because the high value of life is included in that case. So many courts opinions in foreign country and Seoul High Court decision in 1996 allow damages for the pregnancy, birthing process and sterilization costs, but refuses to allow damages for child rearing expenses. As to the range of recovery of damages for wrongful conception, one approach says that to allow damages in a suit such as this would mean that the physician would have to pay for the fun, joy and affection which plaintiff will have in the rearing and educating of the plaintiff's baby. To allow such damages would be against the dignity of the baby based on article 10 of the Constitution. However another approach says that damages are recoverable for all expenses related to child birth as well as for child rearing costs. Because the damages that the parents should bear a burden to the tort damage done is not a baby itself but child rearing costs. In other words, although the baby is healthy or not, economic burden of the parents can not be disregard. And denial of compensation for costs of child rearing may invalidate the role of liability law, grant the physician with a exemption certificate of liability. As a result, the medical field of procreation can be easily isolated from a liability of reparation. Therefore, on the liability law like the other medical malpractice action, parents who became pregnant or gave a birth by physician, wrongfully performed sterilization operation, etc. should be compensated for all damages relevant to unplanned and unwanted conception or birth as well as costs of child rearing.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to estimate the socioeconomic cost of injuries in South Korea. Methods : We matched claims data from national health insurance, automobile insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance(IACI), and mortality data obtained from the national statistical office from 2001 to 2003 by patients unique identifier. Socioeconomic cost included both direct cost and indirect cost: the direct cost was injury-related medical expenditure and the indirect cost included loss of productivity due to healthcare utilization and premature death. Results : The socioeconomic cost of injuries in Korea was approximately 1.9% of the GDP from 2001 to 2003. That is, 12.1 trillion KRW(Korean Won) in 2001, 12.3 trillion KRW in 2002, and 13.7 trillion KRW in 2003. In 2003, direct medical costs were 24.6%(3.4 trillion KRW), the costs for loss of productivity by healthcare utilization were 13.0%(1.8 trillion KRW), and the costs for loss of productivity by premature death were 62.4%(8.6 trillion KRW). Conclusions : In this study, the socioeconomic cost of injuries in Korea between 2001 and 2003 was estimated by using not only health insurance claims data, but also automobile insurance, IACI claims and mortality data. We conclude that social efforts are required to reduce the socioeconomic cost of injuries in Korea, which represented approximately 1.9% of the GDP for the time period specified.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 2022

Due to the characteristics of the railway system, a fleet consists of multiple railway vehicles, and a project contract is made by supplying multiple fleets to the customer. If the project fails to meet the due date, the manufacturer must compensate for the delay to the customer. In this paper, we analyze the operation strategies of the railway vehicle manufacturing factory using simulation, in which the layout adopts the concept of the flow lines, and when shortages of parts are considered. If there is a shortage of parts, the subsequent assembly process cannot proceed due to the nature of the assembly process. Thus, in order to overcome this problem, three strategies for performing assembly work are presented when the events of shortages are occurred. We also compare the strategies with respect to reduce the total cost which includes labor costs and compensation costs for delay.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.16-27
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• 2015

The parcels of land alteration by existing manual work was very inefficient in terms of time and costs. Especially it caused many difficulty in estimating compensation since the work didn't take into account the range of adjoining zone to road. This study selected Gimje City of Jeollabuk-Do as a study site and could analyze the numbers and areas of parcels of land alteration considering the range of adjoining zone to road based on cadastral maps and wide road layers from new address system. Also this study applied a fuzzy membership function according to occupation ratio to road, and analyzed compensation by the range of adjoining zone to road using individual public land price information of the parcels for land alternation. Especially, the change aspect of public and private parcels could be investigated by the range of adjoining zone to road according to the fuzzy membership function. And this study could provide very efficient data in determining the priority of the parcels for land alternation through calculating compensation of the parcels for land alternation by Eup Myeong Dong according to the range of adjoining zone to road.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2013

Background: Diagnosis procedure combination (DPC) has recently been introduced in Korea as a demonstration project and it has aimed the improvement of accuracy in bundled payment instead of Diagnosis related group (DRG). The purpose of this study is to investigate that the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score as the severity classification of liver diseases is adequate for improving reimbursement of DPC. Methods: The subjects of this study were 329 patients of liver disease (Korean DRG ver. 3.2 H603) who had discharged from National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital which is target hospital of DPC demonstration project, between January 1, 2007 and July 31, 2010. We tested the cost differences by severity classifications which were DRG severity classification and clinical severity classification-MELD score. We used a multiple regression model to find the impacts of severity on total medical cost controlling for demographic factor and characteristics of medical services. The within group homogeneity of cost were measured by calculating the coefficient of variation and extremal quotient. Results: This study investigates the relationship between medical costs and other variables especially severity classifications of liver disease. Length of stay has strong effect on medical costs and other characteristics of patients or episode also effect on medical costs. MELD score for severity classification explained the variation of costs more than DRG severity classification. Conclusion: The accuracy of DRG based payment might be improved by using various clinical data collected by clinical situations but it should have objectivity with considering availability. Adequate compensation for severity should be considered mainly in DRG based payment. Disease specific severity classification would be an alternative like MELD score for liver diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.2358-2370
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• 2010

This research aims to empirically analyze the factors that affect the success of technology marketing by Korean universities. The total of 207 universities which successfully made technology transfers from 2006 to 2008 was examined to test the nine hypotheses. For the purpose of testing the hypotheses, technology infrastructure (research costs and the number of SCIE papers), the compensation system for the patents (application and registration), the number of patents (application and registration), TLO staff (the number of people in charge of technology transfer and the job experience in industries), the compensation system for technology transfers (researchers and contributors), and attitudes of university management and industries were analyzed with structural equation methods to figure out their effects on the revenues of technology transfer. The results of this research are summarized as follows. First, technology infrastructures of universities were found to have positive effects on securing patents. As the university research costs in the field of science and technology are increases, the research capabilities are enhanced and this a larger number of researchers are conducted. Second, this research shows that compensation systems for patent application and registration in universities have motivated researchers to take out patents for the outputs of their research. Third, the number of patents universities possess was found to have a positive effect on technology transfer. An increase in the number of patents universities possess implies an increase in the diversity and excellence of the target technologies for transfer. Fourth, the number of patents universities possess turned out to have a positive effect on TLO staff. The number of experts in charge of technology transfer including technology dealers, valuation analysis and patent attorneys should be increased as target technologies for transfer increase according to the increase of patents possessed. Because the technologies are transferee from universities to businesses, businesses (job) experience of TLO staff in industries are also important. This research is meaningful because it has identified the factors affecting the results of technology transfer by employing structural equation methods. In particular, an official governmental survey data for the academic-industrial cooperation were analyzed systematically in terms of technology infrastructure, compensation systems related to patents, the number of patents, TLO staff, compensation systems for technology transfer, and attitudes of university management and industries. All these facts might could differentiate this study from the previous studies.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2005

In this paper, the optimal position of optical phase conjugator(OPC) excellently compensating distorted WDM channels with initial frequency chirp due to both chromatic dispersion and self phase modulation(SPM) is numerically investigated. Highly-nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber(HNL-DSF) is used as a nonlinear medium of OPC in order to widely compensate WDM signal band. It is confirmed that if the OPC position was shifted from mid-way of total transmission length dependence on the initial frequency chirp as well as modulation format and fiber dispersion coefficient, it is possible to cancel the performance degradation owing to the initial frequency chirp. Using proposed configuration, it is possible to remove all in-line dispersion compensator, reducing span losses and system costs in the long-haul broadband WDM systems.