• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2005

These studies were done to know decalcification methods to reduce the time of decalcification for quick bone tissue diagnosis. When bone tissue was decalcified with 10 % formic acid at room temperature, decalcification and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stains were complete and satisfactory after 12 hours, but some of the tissue sections fell off during staining. In this way, decalcification, H&E stains were complete and satisfactory after 24 hours, 36 hours and 48 hours, tissue sections didn't fall off during staining. When bone tissue was decalcified with 10 % formic acid in a $60^{\circ}C$ paraffin oven, decalcification and H&E stains were complete and satisfactory after 6 hours, but some tissue sections fell off during staining. In this way, decalcification and tissue sections were complete, with no falling off during staining after 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 24 hours, or H&E stains were satisfactory from 8 hours to 12 hours, but H&E stains appeared to reddish nucleus after 14 hours and 24 hours. Bone tissue was decalcified with 10 % formic acid for 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours at DECAL machine frequencies of 15 Hz and 45 Hz, and for 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours at a DECAL machine frequency of 90 Hz. Decalcification and H&E stains were complete and satisfactory after 6 hours at the 15 Hz and 45 Hz DECAL settings. Some of the tissue sections fell off during staining at the 15 Hz DECAL machine setting. At the 90 Hz setting, decalcification, H&E stains, and tissue sections were complete and satisfactory with no falling off during staining after 4 hours. In this way, decalcification, H&E stains, and tissue section were complete and satisfactory with no falling off during staining after 12 hours, 24 hours at all machine settings. Bone tissue was decalcified with 10 % formic acid for 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ 3 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours at $45^{\circ}C$ and 1 hours, 5 hours and 10 hours at $60^{\circ}C$ with the RHS-1 machine setting at 60Hz. At the temperatures of $37^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$ decalcification, H&E stains, and tissue sections were complete and satisfactory, with no falling off during staining except for after 6 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. 3 hours, 1 hours, or decalcification, H&E stains, and tissue sections were complete and satisfactory with no falling off during staining after 12 hours and 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$, 6 hours and 12 hours at $45^{\circ}C$, and 5 hours at $60^{\circ}C$. But H&E stains appeared to reddish nucleus after 10 hours at $60^{\circ}C$. From the above reults, the authors were able to deduce that decalcification is accelerated by heat and frequency. We therefore think that it is necessary for machines which are similar to the RHS-1 machine to be maintained at the temperature evenly with agitation effect for quick decalcification.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2013

Purpose: Quantitative comparative evaluation of the difference in eye lens absorbed dose when measured by MVCT and kV-CBCT, though such a dose was not included in the original IMRT treatment plan for the nasopharyngeal cancer patient. Materials and Methods: We used CT (Lightspeed Ultra 16, General Electric, USA) against an Anderson rando phantom (Alderson Research Laboratories Inc, USA) and established the plan for tomotherapy treatment (Tomotherapy, Inc, USA) and linear accelerator treatment (Pinnacle 8.0, Philips Medicle System) for the achieved CT images on the same condition with the nasopharyngeal cancer patient treatment plan. Then, align the ther-moluminescence dosimeter (TLD100 Harshaw, USA) with the eye lens, shot the lens with Tomotherapy MVCT under 3 conditions (Fine, Normal, and Coarse), and shot both lenses with kV-CBCT under 2 conditions (Low Dose Head and Standard Dose Head) 3 times each. Results: When we analyzed the eye lens absorbed dose according to MVCT and kV-CBCT images by using both Tomotherapy and Pinacle 8.0, we achieved the following result; According to Tomotherapy MVCT, RT 0.8257 cGy in the Coarse mode, LT 0.8137 cGy, RT 1.089 cGy and LT 1.188 cGy in the Normal mode, and RT 2.154 cGy and LT 2.082 cGy in the Fine mode. According to Pinacle 8.0 kV-CBCT, RT 0.2875 cGy and LT 0.1676 cGy in the Standard Dose mode and RT 0.1648 cGy and LT 0.1212 cGy in the Low-Dose mode. In short, the MVCT result was significantly different from that of kV-CBCT, up to 20 times. Conclusion: We think kV-CBCT is more effective for reducing the amount of radiation which a patient is receiving during intensity modulated radiation treatment for other purposes than treatment than MVCT, when we consider the absorbed dose only from the viewpoint of image-guided radiation therapy. Besides, we understood the amount of radiation is too sensitive to the shooting condition, even when we use the same equipment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.57-79
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• 2001

[Go-Choseon], the first volume of Samgukyusa, is composed of two parts, the part of myth and that of history. There are very similar divinities between Hwanwoong in the myth of Dangun and YanDi-ShenNong of China: the solar divinity essential for survival of mankind and agriculture, the agriculture divinity said to have taught fanning, the medicine divinity said to have taught the characteristics of herbs and how to prevent diseases, the cultural hero who delivered civilization, and son on. During the transition from the age of myth to the age of history, the roles of gods had changed from the creation of the world to civilization and rule. The roles of Hwanwoong and YanDi-ShenNong were civilization and it was related with their divinities. Hence, regardless of a little difference, the myth of Hwanwoong and that of YanDi-ShenNong were created at the same stage of spiritual and material civilizations of Korea and China. This paper looks at the essence of [Wiseo] and the age of Hwanwoong through historical records. In my opinion, [Wiseo] is not a chinese history' book. The record, "According to [Wiseo] there had been Dangun-Wanggum 2,000 years ago" indicates the time [Wiseo] was written. 'Wi' means Wlman-choseon. Going back about 2,000 years from Wiman-choseon, the historical dates of the establishment of [Go-Choseon] almost dovetails to the age of King 'lao. So, there is a possibility that [Wiseo] is a history book of Wiman-Choseon dynasty which was written to prove the legitimacy of the dynasty by showing it succeeded to the Dangilll-Choseon dynasty. The sentences, "governed the country for 1,500 years" and "conferred Gija the position of king of Choseon" are very important records showing the age of the establishment of Dangun-Choseon. Gija came to Choseon in B.C 1122 when Yin replaced Zhou in the Choinese Continent. From the fact that Dangun had governed Choseon, we could reason out that Go-Choseon was established in B.C. 2622 that is much eariler than the era of king Yao, and that corresponds 'With the era of HuangDi(B.C 2698-2358). Hence, the era of Hwanwoong, the father-god of Dangun, might be later than B.G 3000 which conforms to the era of YanDi-ShenNong(B.C 3218-2600). Therefore, this paper contends lhat Hwanwoong and YanDi-ShenNong played the role of civilization in the same era [Go-Choseon], the first volume of Samgukusa is philologically very valuable material for research on the origin of Korean nation and its ancient history.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.40
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• pp.209-242
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• 2014

This study is to understand sure the primary crime prevention has been incidence as a social problem intended for parents through the analysis of the Crime Prevention Design (CPTED) CPTED element of recognize elements that target crime prevention strategy to effectively help students be and an object of the present invention is to provide a policy suggestion haryeoneunde proposed basic data required for orientation. To achieve the study objectives such as the core framework in this study IPA: Importance-Performance Analysis) also was selected. Subjects of study in 2010 Gyeongju Elementary parents name and were 203 first research group investigating the secondary school population of the region in 2014 to nomadic parents of 297 people sampled selection. Questionnaire that use by this study applies "Important-Performance Analysis : IPA" technique that Martilla & James(1977) presented and analyzed awareness for CPTED elements of strategy for student's crime prevention to elementary school pupil students' parentse. It was the first group, 0.886, 0.920, 0.895 and 2nd group 0.880, 0.906, 0.878 that reliability of (Cronbach' s ${\alpha}$) the importance, and believability of run chart was the first group, 0.880, 0.917, 0.878 and 2nd group, 0.735, 0.840, 0.830. Analysis of the data carried out frequency analysis, reliability analysis, Frequency analysis was performed, paired sample t-Test for the reliability analysis, and the technical statistical analysis of the data is. The analysis of lattice bars execution through the IPA, the importance of the primary parents elements of CPTED strategies are generally very high, but found that the variation depending on the components that Performance. This study, an important element of the strategy to eliminate the school building for students from inside and outside the criminal fears CPTED is a mechanical surveillance in the first group, organizational surveillance, and the second group is the region intensified I'll showed mechanically and organizational factors in the investigation, and request that the investment is urgently important element is also execution low, crime prevention personnel security higher importance than expanding the front door. The analysis result of this study expects that basic data can be used in policy direction presentation that examines closely CPTED elements of strategy for crime prevention of students and applies CPTED's component effectively at elementary school hereafter.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4557-4563
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to suggest the criteria to public welfare service support for improving life quality of the haenyeo (female divers) through analyzing public welfare services and desires of the haenyeo in Jeju, Busan, and Tongyeong. Accordingly, research period was set from May 11 to June 21, 2010. The haenyeo in each region of Jeju, Yeongdo-gu (Busan), Tongyeong-si were selected as subjects. Recording of interviewing methods was used to recognize current status of public welfare. We analyzed by comparing desires of the haenyeo to public welfare services by dividing them economically, medically, educationally, and culturally. As a result of researching public welfare services to the haenyeo in each region, supports for protection of diving, growing area, public welfare service for aged diving haenyeo, and medical service were conducted. Tewak protecting net, Seonjinji visiting, and welfare facilities are supported in Busan-si but there is no support in Tongyeong-si. Therefore, desires of the haenyeo to such public welfare services are as followings: First, the desires of the haenyeo in Jeju to economic supports are indicated as supports for haenyeo experience spot, diving suit, and overseas visiting. To educational supports, it is indicated as supports for identity education, diving disease prevention education, and foreign language education. To cultural supports, it is indicated as supports for installation of welfare hall and exchange visit to foreign haenyeo culture. Second, in Busan, there were desires to establish changing room and fishery sales lot and to support diving suit as for economic supports, desires to support diving disease and medical benefits as for medical supports, desires to education of diving skill as for educational supports, and desires to establish welfare hall and haenyeo museum as for cultural supports. Third, in Tongyeong where public welfare services to the haenyeo are very poor, there were desires to support diving suit and to support changing room as for economic supports, as same as in Busan, desires to support diving disease and medical benefits as for medical supports.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.5-9
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the applicability and effectiveness of both teukyakmeip contracts of Korea and consignment contracts of the United State to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of teukyakmeip in Korea. These are popular contract agreements between large retailers and their suppliers and vendors. In recent years, teukyakmeip was critically examined and scrutinized by the politicians, the media, and the public of Korea. Consequently, this paper focusesheavily on identifying and analyzing different types of contract agreements between large retailers and their suppliers that currently exist in Korea and compares and contrasts those analyzed contract agreements with teukyakmeip. The article also comparesand contrasts teukyakmeip with the consignment agreements of the United States to identify similarities and differences. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is a descriptive study and has used personal interviews to collect and analyze the data. This study also fits the definition of the case study wherein it is entirely focused on investigating a real-life event: analyzing and examining contract agreements in the distribution industry. Both randomly selected management and vendor representatives from the three major department stores, Lotte, Hyundai, and Shinsegae, in Korea were interviewed between July and September 2013. The analysis of the consignment agreement was conducted based on existing secondary data. Results - Although the evidence of the abuse of teukyakmeip and consignment by large retailers from both countries clearly exists, the findings suggestthat both contract agreements would remain as the most relevant and effective legal contracts between large retailers and their suppliers. Based on the comparisonanalysis of teukyakmeip and consignment, both contracts indicated that suppliers are fully responsible for inventory and inventory management. If sales person is necessary for promoting special product, then suppliers are responsible for providing a sales person and their wages under both contracts. However, American department stores, those located outside urban area, tend to use their own employees to perform special product and sales promotion. The retailersare fully responsible for any interior or floor design or redesign of the retail store to accommodate the products from vendors under consignment; however, both suppliers and retailers share the cost of designing and redesigning the interior to accommodate vendors'products under teukyakmeip. Suppliers are responsible for pricing and supplying the quantity of the products under both agreements. Both contracts allow special sales commission as long as vendors agreed. Vendors use this special commissionto introduce their new products or apply market penetration strategy. Conclusions -The findings of this study showed the changing pattern of contract agreements between large retailers and their suppliers from both countries. Furthermore, this study evidently generated policy implications of teukyakmeip which recently became the major social issue in Korea and attracted many policymakers to gain political points by criticizing the teukyakmeip system and the large retailers. The findings of the study would be valuable to policy makers in making appropriate decisions and to large retailers and vendors in making beneficial agreements. The major implication of this study is that teukyakmeip and consignment agreements include very similar or almost identical characteristics, and they are popular among department stores and suppliers. The issue of abolishing teukyakmeip in Korea needs to be examined cautiously because teukyakmeip is the best one available at the moment, and the study suggests that no one benefits from abolishing this system.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.386-393
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• 2016

Agricultural ecosystem is recognized as a space for providing a variety of services, in addition to the food production that it originally encompassed, such as water purification, biological habitat, air purification, soil conservation, and landscape development. The construction of greenhouses in agricultural landscapes can cause deterioration of ecosystem services because of the increase of impermeable area and loss of biological habitats. This study aimed to compare insect diversity between different types of constructed greenhouses and paddy ecosystems. The target study area was selected by considering the distribution status of horticultural complexes and was classified as Single Vinyl Greenhouse, Multi Vinyl Greenhouse or Glass Greenhouse and they were compared with four paddies. The study locations were in Gu-Mi, Bu-Yeo, Ginje and Jin-Ju. A total of 2,333 individual insects belonging to 9 orders, 38 families, 76 genus, and 80 species were collected. The composition of orders was Hemiptera (22.37%), Coleoptera (18.42%), Hymenoptera (14.47%), Orthoptera (11.84%), and Diptera (10.53%). The average number of collected species were in the order Paddy (39.38 species) > Single Vinyl Greenhouse (35.50 species) > Multi Vinyl Greenhouse (22.50 species) > Glass Greenhouse (24.00 species). The Diversity Index (H') was Paddy (4.76) > Single Vinyl Greenhouse (4.57) > Multi Vinyl Greenhouse (4.12), and Glass Greenhouse (4.12). The Richness Index (RI) was Paddy (7.72) and Single Vinyl Greenhouse (7.03) > Multi Vinyl Greenhouse (4.99) and Glass Greenhouse (5.32). From our results, it can be seen that the biological diversity features of insects decreased when greenhouses are constructed.However, Single Vinyl Greenhouse is noted to promote insect diversity more than that by Multi Vinyl Greenhouse and Glass Greenhouse. Hence, when constructing greenhouses, it is necessary to consider insect habitat to conserve insect diversity.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

Urban areas are variously under threat including deterioration of ecological functions. Many pond wetland types have been created as part of an effort to improve and restore this urban environment. This study was arranged to examine improvement plans of wetlands in urban areas by analyzing semi-natural wetlands in farm areas. As for environment for water quality, it suggested the inflow of natural water neighboring rivers or the direct inflow of rain as the improvement plans. The result which analyzed soil pH, OM, and T-N content of the soil environment mentioned that urban areas supplied artificial sluices, removed apoptotic bodies, and used artificial soil and waterproofing materials and use of natural materials in design and construction, the sluice state of the natural form, and negligence of autumn plants were suggested as the improvement plans. Florae appeared in the subject sites of the study have found that there are 35 families 69 species in urban areas and 53 families 142 species in rural areas. As the average has found that there are 18.5 families 29.3 species in 4 urban areas and 26.3 families 53.5 species in 4 rural areas, the big difference between them was analyzed. As the cause has found that there are differences in yearly plants in farming areas when compared to urban areas, creation of various basic environments including soil and water quality was suggested to make yearly plants settle down widely. Naturalized plants have found that there are no big differences between urban areas and rural areas. However, the average of the naturalized ratio in urban areas is 17.4% as the naturalized plants are about 1/4 of the appeared plants. As it was analyzed to be higher than 7.7%, the average of the naturalized ratio in farming areas as the big difference, creation of various inhabiting environments was suggested to make more yearly plants appear like the analyzed result of the life type. Consideration of placement, materials, and inhabiting environments was suggested to make creation of wetlands well appreciated to improve functions of wetlands in urban areas. It is expected that the above results of the study will be utilized in creation and improvement of the pond wetlands which can play a huge role in increase and improvement of biological diversity in urban areas.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.4 s.62
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• pp.277-286
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the design element in traditional palaces of Korea, China and Japan. It takes threesteps to proceed this study. Firstly, it needs to be established the analysis framework from the documents. In second step, the design elements - the form, the material, the pattern and the color - should be collected and investigated through the observation of the actual traditional palaces the Changduckung, the Forbidden City, the Nijo castle. The third step is the analysis of the results of the investigation of the design elements from step two. To sum up similarities and dissimilarities among the design element in traditional palaces of Korea, China and Japan is as the following It is to be noticed that the mainly common characteristics of the artistic design are 'naturalism', 'harmonious ideas' and 'confucianism'. But the representation style of the design element is differed from the country. : The typical features of China are symmetry, glassy surface by artificial process, the meandered curve, the magnificent pattern and the constrable color. In Japan, the mathematical asymmetry, made-up rough surface by artificial skill, decorativepattern with abbreviation and achromatic color are important feature of the design element. While the major features of Korean design element are asymmetrical balance with nature, rough surface by natural process, moderate pattern and harmonious color.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.408-419
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• 2007

In the child, it is very important that he/she will have the ability to suppress aesthetic restorative materials of secondary caries. With the representative preventive material against caries, the importance of fluoride is more emphasized. This study examined the differences in fluoride release and re-uptake among some restorative materials, following a treatment of APF gel and fluoride varnish. The surface roughness was observed under scanning electron microscope. Studying this will provide for the research to find effective restorative materials and fluoride type in tooth caries prevention. It is applied from presence at a clinic that restorative materials are resin, flowable resin, compomer and glass ionomer. Fluoride release was measured at 24-hour intervals for 7 days, 3-day intervals from 8th to 38th day using an ion-selective electrode and analyzer. Then, the materials were treated with the fluoride gel and fluoride varnish respectively, fluoride release was measured and specimens were evaluated under scanning electron microscope for 4 weeks. It was concluded that 1. Fluoride was released for 38 days from restorative materials under 1 ppm in case of flowable resin, 1-2 ppm in compomer and 2-8 ppm in glass ionomer, a few of fluoride was released after 45 days 2. Fluoride has more releasing after application of APF gel than fluoride varnish. Fluoride re-uptake was observed under 0.6-0.2 ppm in fluoride varnish and 0.6-2.6 ppm in APF gel after starting the procedure one day(p<0.05). For the remaining 4 weeks, they demonstrated a similar release. 3. Specimens were evaluated under scanning electron microscope. Applied fluoride in the experimental group surface was rougher than the control group that did not receive fluoride application. Fluoride varnish group had a smoother surface than both the APF gel group and the varnish APF gel group that received a fluoride application.