• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.529-540
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematic characteristics of $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ hurdle clearances during the final of the 110-m hurdles at the IAAF World Championships, Daegu 2011. To this end, the hurdling motions of the top 4 ranked male hurdlers in the competition were analyzed. A total of 12 cameras were used to record their motions, with a sampling frequency of 120 Hz. The cameras were calibrated using $11{\times}2{\times}1\;m$ control objects that covered all of the lanes (1st~8th lanes). After analyzing all the data, we arrived at the following results. In the take-off phase, all athletes revealed similar take-off times (CT), and similar distances from the take-off to hurdleto (L1) and hurdle to landing (L2). In particular, Turner, ranked $3^{rd}$, had an inconsistent L2 and may need further training to correct it. In the flight phase, Richardson, ranked $1^{st}$, showed the longest flight distance, whereas Xiang, who was ranked $2^{nd}$, showed the highest CG height from the hurdle. For the step patterns, to increase the pitch frequency, Richardson and Xiang used shorter 3-step lengths than Turner and Oliver.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.511-520
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide scientific information to track and field coaches and athletes through the analyses of the biomechanics characteristics of the top 4 sprinters in the men's 100 m final in the IAAF World Championships Daegu 2011. Twelve video cameras (Sony, Japan) were used to capture the mid portion of the race (40 m - 70 m) with a sampling frequency of 60Hz. Biomechanical variables including the right ankle, knee and hip angles, the trunk angle, and the velocity of center of mass (COM) in the running direction, were calculated with the Kwon 3D program (Visol, Korea). Correlation coefficients between the COM velocity and each variables were calculated using Matlab 2008a (MathWorks, USA) at an alpha level of 0.05. The findings indicated that Yohan Blake (JAM) showed greater range of motion at the ankle and hip. Walter Dix(USA) showed greater knee and trunk movement, and Kim Collins (SKN) showed more dorsi-flexed and extended trunk angles during the race. Finally, Christophe Lemaitre (FRA) showed more plantar-flexed ankle with a less trunk motion, throughout the analyzed race.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2020

Lead is a highly toxic heavy metal that causes serious health problems. Nonetheless, it is increasingly being used for industrial applications and is often discharged into the environment without adequate purification. In this study, Pb(II) was removed by powdered waste sludge (PWS) based on the biosorption mechanism. Different PWSs were collected from a submerged moving media intermittent aeration reactor (SMMIAR) and modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) processes. The contents of extracellular polymeric substances were similar, but the surface area of MLE-PWS (2.07 ㎡/g) was higher than that of SMMIAR-PWS (0.82 ㎡/g); this is expected to be the main parameter determining Pb(II) biosorption capacity. The Bacillaceae family was dominant in both PWSs and may serve as the major responsible bacterial group for Pb(II) biosorption. Pb(II) biosorption using PWS was evaluated for reaction time, salinity effect, and isotherm equilibrium. For all experiments, MLE-PWS showed higher removal efficiency. At a fixed initial Pb(II) concentration of 20 mg/L and a reaction time of 180 minutes, the biosorption capacities (q_e) for SMMIAR- and MLE-PWSs were 2.86 and 3.07 mg/g, respectively. Pb(II) biosorption using PWS was rapid; over 80% of the maximum biosorption capacity was achieved within 10 minutes. Interestingly, MLE-PWS showed enhanced Pb(II) biosorption with salinity values of up to 30 g NaCl/L. Linear regression of the Freundlich isotherm revealed high regression coefficients (R² > 0.968). The fundamental Pb(II) biosorption capacity, represented by the K_F value, was consistently higher for MLE-PWS than SMMIAR-PWS.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.587-613
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• 1999

Environmental problems such as global climate change, depletion, ocean and air pollution, and resource degradation-compounded by an expanding world population-respect no border and threaten the health, prosperity and jobs of all mankind. Our efforts to promote democracy, free trade, and stability in the world will fall short unless people have a livable environment. We have an enormous stake in the management of the world's resources. By increasing demand for timber, natural gas, coal and consumer's goods have destroyed the grounds for living. Greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the world have threatened coastal communities, and then changed the Earth's climate system. The burning of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels is increasing substantially the concentration of heat-trapping gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our air. The earth's temperature and sea levels are rising as a result. Since 1972 there has been a marked growth in the number and scope of environmental treaties. In particular, after the 1992 Rio Conference, international legal instruments became more concentrated on addressing environment within the context of sustainable development and incorporated a number of new concepts and innovative approaches. A preliminary analysis of recent conventions and in particular those associated with the Rio Conference indicates various ideas, concepts and principles which have come to the fore including sustainable development, equity, common concern of humankind, common but differentiated responsibilities and global partnership. However, international trade also has an environmental impact which must be minimized or countered. Positive measures are to be preferred to achieve environmental goals, but where trade provisions are necessary, they should be appropriately used within environmental conventions to facilitate the reduction and limitation of the negative impacts of trade and to enhance the complementarity of the multilateral trade regime with the imperatives of environmental protection, in the interests of environmental protection and sustainable development generally. The international community has to recognize and endorse this need to achieve complementarity between trade and environment issues.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.161-179
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• 2015

Plant have developed sophisticated defence mechanisms against microbial pathogens. The recent accumulated information allow us to understand the nature of plant immune responses followed by recognition of microbial factors/determinants through cutting-edge genomics and multi-omics techniques. However, the practical approaches to sustain plant health using enhancement of plant immunity is yet to be fully appreciated. Here, we overviewed the general concept and representative examples on the plant immunity. The fungal, bacterial, and viral determinants that was previously reported as the triggers of plant immune responses are introduced and described as the potential protocol of biological control. Specifically, the role of chitin, glucan, lipopolysaccharides/extracellular polysaccharides, microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antibiotics, mimic-phytohormones, N-acyl homoserine lactone, harpin, vitamins, and volatile organic compounds are considered. We hope that this review stimulates scientific community and farmers to broaden their knowledge on the microbial determinant-based biological control and to apply the technology on the integrated pest management program.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2009

To figure out the epidemiological status and relevance with other diseases in toxoplasmosis, we checked serum IgG antibody titers of 1,265 patients and medical records of seropositive patients. Seropositive rates were 6.6% by latex agglutination test (LAT) and 6.7% by ELISA. No significant differences were detected between sexes and age groups. The peak seroprevalence was detected in the 40-49-year-old age group. According to clinical department, Toxoplasma-positive rates were high in patients in psychiatry, ophthalmology, health management, emergency medicine, and thoracic surgery. Major coincidental diseases in seropositive cases were malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic renal diseases, schizophrenia, and acute lymphadenitis, in the order of frequency. In particular, some patients with chronic hepatitis B and malignant neoplasms had high antibody titers. These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a general hospital-based study was similar to that in a community-based study, and T. gondii seropositivity may be associated with neoplasms, diabetes, and other chronic infections.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2016

Recently, with the population growth of elderly people, concerns about oral health related to the quality of life of the elderly are increasing. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between the elderly women divided into dementia, suspected dementia, healthy groups and the remaining teeth of them. Total 177 elderly women of over 60 years old, visiting on senior center in some community dwelling, were assessed for oral condition and their cognitive function with MMSE score. All the collected data were analyzed by chi-square test, t-test, and multiful logistic regression using SPSS. Multiful logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship of dementia according to MMSE score and remaining teeth, and 95% confidence intervals were computed. Odds ratio(OR) of the number of remaining teeth 0-10 was 3.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.382-8.997). This study showed significant difference and the relationship between dementia according to MMSE score and the number of remaining teeth of the elderly women.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.28-37
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• 2004

Background: Lumbar joint dysfunction is reported to be the main cause of lower back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of joint dysfunction on the postural balance of the lower hack and pelvis in different normal activities such as walking or stair management. Also it was studied whether the status of LBP (intensity and duration of LBP, length of treatment) contributes to die pelvic height difference (PHD) in various postures. Subjects: 28 patients with LBP and 32 normal adult volunteers, 60 years of age or younger, who came to the Community Health Center and orthopedic clinics in Incheon, South Korea. Methods: In order to determine the accuracy of the manual angulometer method in measuring the PHD, it was compared to the pelvic x-ray method in selected subjects. In the manual angulometer method, the arm of the angulometer was placed on the top of both iliac crests. The PHD was measured in static upright stance, then one-legged stance, on the affected leg or unaffected leg each time. Information regarding the disease status was obtained through interviews. Visual assessment scale was used to grade the intensity of LBP. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 10.0/PC program. Homogeneity between the two groups was tested by 2-test and t-test. To compare the PHD of the subgroups, we used t-test, F-test and two-way ANOVA. Relationships among dependent variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Conclusion: In patients with LBP, lumbar joint dysfunction causes lumbar and pelvic postural asymmetry during normal activities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.250-257
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• 2018

Today, the integration of the rapid development of ICT and the smart devices moves our lives quickly into an online community environment through not only quick and easy information search but also various social media. Accordingly, individual activities in the smart media environment are pouring out vast quantities of data in many fields, accumulating a tremendous amount of data. The everyday data of individuals is reproducing different values from the previous ones, while suggesting new customized services that utilize them in various fields. Recently, big data utilization has attracted a great attention in the field of healthcare. Especially, development of healthcare service linked with mobile is expected to bring a new paradigm in this field. In this study, creation of a 3D avatar character model as a means to transfer information to individuals more efficiently is proposed in the development of mobile customized service for health promotion and growth prediction of children and adolescents, at the same time, an effective visual expression method to have a sense of immersion and unity is searched.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.223-231
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• 2020

Older drivers have an increased risk of accidents due to poor function, but they also develop self-regulation ability to check their own changes. Thus, information on whether the actual elderly driver responds to changes in driving ability and risk may provide a meaningful basis for the clinic and research of the elderly's driving ability assessment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the evaluation of elderly drivers by analyzing the driving risk self-perception characteristics in terms of driving behavior and function with Korean elderly drivers. A self-reporting assessment was conducted on 500 elderly drivers living in the community and the characteristics of driving risk perception were analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that many elderly drivers are aware of the driving risk when their vision and hearing are impaired or when they find it difficult to adapt to changes in driving conditions. On the other hand, the characteristics of insensitive reactions to changes in medical health conditions, such as drug use or epilepsy, seizures, and loss of consciousness, were identified. The researcher hopes this study will contribute to the safety management of elderly drivers in Korea, where aging is accelerating.