• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.487-494
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• 2017

There is little evidence on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on prevalence of periodontal disease. The aims of this study were to explore the trends of prevalence of periodontal disease and types of exposure to smoke, including ETS according to the survey year, identify factors affecting periodontal disease, and compare the effect size of periodontal disease between active smokers and secondhand smokers. Data on 11,643 individuals were obtained from the fourth and fifth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. Information on exposure to ETS at home and work was self-reported. Severity of periodontal disease was evaluated using the community periodontal index. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to model periodontal disease using types of smoking and the survey year. Overall, the prevalence of periodontal disease was 26.0% (n=3,029) and about 9% of the study population were secondhand smokers. The prevalence of periodontal disease among smokers was significantly increased according to smoking types by year. Active smokers showed a statistically significant adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for having periodontal disease except in the year 2007, whereas secondhand smokers had significant associations only in 2010 (aOR, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.70) compared to non-smokers. For secondhand smokers, the statistical relationship of predicting periodontal disease was weaker than that of active smokers. However, ETS should separately be considered as an important risk factor for periodontal disease. This study suggested the need for further investigation of the impact of ETS on prevalence of periodontal disease using in-depth research designs and objective measurements for assessing periodontal disease and ETS.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.374-390
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the insect diversity and forest in urban green space, which can determine the current status of the ecosystem and provide basic data and information required for conservation planning and sustainable use of the environment. For this study, we have surveyed insect diversity by habitat types in the botanic garden of Wonkwang University, Iksan, from September, 2010 to September, 2011. During the research period, a total of 209 species, 78 families and 10 orders were observed, including 10 exportable species, 1 species of Korean Red List, 2 climate-sensitive indicator species and 70 designated species. Among these taxonomic groups, Coleoptera (36.36 %) showed the highest diversity with 76 species, followed by Hemiptera (25.36 %) with 46 species, Diptera (11.48 %) with 24 species and Hymenoptera (7.66 %) with 16 species. As for the diversity by survey time, the largest number of species were observed in September 2010 (52 families, 105 species), followed by May 2011 (37 families, 87 species), July 2011 (50 families, 86 species), June 2011 (40 families, 80 species) and August 2011 (43 families, 73 species). Relatively low diversity was observed in September 2011 (38 families, 60 species), October 2010 (36 families, 52 species) and April 2011 (19 families, 29 species). As for the diversity by survey point, the highest diversity was observed in S4 (75 families, 186 species, 88.99 %), followed by S1 (41 families, 70 species, 33.49 %), S2 (41 families, 63 species, 30.14 %), and S3 (36 families, 59 species, 28.22 %). According to the community analysis, the survey area S4 (H'=3.344, RI=9.257) showed the highest numbers in diversity index (H') and richness index (RI) of insects and S1 (0.985) showed the highest species evenness index (EI). On the other hand, S3 showed the lowest numbers (H'=2.428, RI=4.307, EI=0.832) in every index. The insect fauna is closely associated with the plants and vegetation structure in the green space. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and maintain the urban green space to make it similar to the natural environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1741-1749
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate parents' perception and satisfaction of school food materials and supplier performance in Mokpo. To achieve these research objectives, a questionnaire was distributed to parents at 66 schools, and a total of 589 were used in the final analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, satisfaction of school foodservice, showed the following scores: overall was 3.75, quality of food materials was 3.84, reliability of food suppliers was 3.80, education was 3.53, and information was 3.50. Second, 38.5% of parents participated in receiving school materials. Exactly 80.6% of parents showed intentions to participate. The most difficult thing for receiving materials was comparing quality of food materials (46.3%). Third, the most important factor cited for school food supplier was quality (62.3%) and sanitation and safety (24.1%). Forth, most parents were positive about the possibility of replacing foods used at school with environment friendly products. Local foods were cited for use in school foodservice (92.2%). The reasons were good quality (39.9%) and contribution to the local community (28.5%). In conclusion, parent's perception of school foodservice should increase to improve food material quality of school foodservice. Institutions for certifying are needed to offer high quality food materials at school foodservice and improved communication and education tool between the school and parents.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.35-56
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• 1994

This article was intended to survey whether Roy' Adapation model ('Roy Model') can be applied to family health assessment and to study whether application of the Roy Model to a Korean family is feasible. under the Roy Model, a family is viewed as an adaptation system having a series of process of input. process, feedback, and output. Further, the Roy Model indicates that a family contains Physiolosical, self-concept. role function and interdependent mode in respect of internal or external stimuli. In the event where the family health assessed, the adaptation mode of that family must be assess at the first stage. Then, the focal, contextual, residual stimuli affecting the family must be assessed. In 1984 Hanson suggested four types of family adaptation mode based upon the Roy Model and thereby enhanced the possibility for family health assessment. In order survey whether the Roy Model can be applied to the Korean family, the author of this article contracted adults of 169 who live in 'A' city to make open questions regarding family and then analyzed responses from them by utilizing Roy model. This study categorized family Adaptation mode based upon the' four types of family adaptation mode developed by Hanson. As a result of this study, family adaptation mode was categorized into 117 concepts. Those 117 concepts are consisted or Physiolosical mode of 47. self­concept mode of 56, role function mode of 9 and interdependent mode of 5. Further. stimuli affecting family were classified based upon Roy's definition as to three types of stimuli. Stimuli on a family are comprised focal stimuli concept of 19, contextual stimuli concepts of 19, one residual stimuli concept. this result implies that the Roy's Model can be applied to Korean family. Physiological mode shows meaning of survival. while self-concept mode reflects meaning of growth and emphasizes harmony among the family based on the familism. The role function mode shows continuity rather control of family member. By contrast, interdependent mode shows interaction with community to which the family belongs. but the degree of interaction does not appear too high. The analysis of family stimuli led this study to conclude that troubles within a family. changes in family structure and diease of family member generate stimuli. However, an application of the Roy Model contains the following problems: First, Roy argued that the family adaptation mode should be assessed at the first level family health assessment and then stimuli affecting family adaptation should be adaptation assessed at the second stage. To the belief of the author of this article. however, for checking family adaptation level. focal, contextual, residual stimuli should be confirmed by assessing stimuli at first stage. Then, the family adaptation mode in respect of such stimuli should be assessed. The rationale for this is that the family adaptation level is determined depending on degree of strength of focal. contextual. residual stimuli. Second. Whall (1991) raised a question 'Does one assess family adaptation mode and intervene in the stimuli?' 'Likewise, assessment of the family adaptation should be made in the following manner in order for family health to be enhanced. Third. Roy believes that additional stimuli (such as contextual and residual) are same as internal process (including nurturance. support, and socialization). However, the basis for this Roy's belief is not too clear. In spite of these problems which the author indicated above, it can be concluded that the Roy Model can serve as a good device for an assessment of family health and that the Roy Model can be applied to a Korean family. Finally, further research of family adaptation theory and family nursing theory is required for a development of these theories.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.58-69
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• 1994

In order to see the development of Nursing related research activities in Korea over the last three decades, abstracts of almost all of the Master and Ph.D theses that appeared from 1961 up to August 1991 were collected. The number of theses was 2354, from which an index of key words has been constructed. Key words were defined as those terms in each thesis title that convey major objectives of the given thesis study and the important nursing concepts dealt with in the thesis. Although all the key words were picked from the thesis title only, full use was made of the abstracts in deciding the principal objectives and essential contents of the thesis studies and their important concepts as well. In total, 539 kinds of key words were identified from the 2354 titles, and the identified words were all found to be in the International Nursing Index. On an average each title has two key words. Which key words were most frequently used, how they have changed with time, what kind of concept is preferably dealt with by each graduate school, and the concepts to which a given key word is likely to be connected were examined. The results are summerized below : 1) For each decade the theses numbers were as follows : 54(2.3%) from the 60’s, 413(17.5%) from the 70’s, 1523(64.7%) from the 80’s, and 364(15.5%) from the 90’s. Master’s thesis contributed 96% (2252) of the papers and Ph. D’s theses filled the remaining 4%(102). 2) A total of 539 key words were used, averaging about 2 for each thesis. The most frequently used key words were ‘Nurse’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Knowledge / Attitude /Practice’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Attitude’, ‘Job-Satisfaction’, ‘Mental Disorder’, ‘Operation’, ‘Elderly’, ‘Nursing Role’. 3) Each decades key words can be classified as : the 60’s : ‘Nursing Education’, ‘Pulmonary Tuberculosis’, ‘Mother-Child Health’, ‘Growth & Development’, ‘Public Facilities’, ‘Mental Disorder’ : the 70’s : ‘Nurse’, ‘Family Planning’, ‘Attitude’ / ‘Knowledge, Attitude / Practice’, ‘Curriculum in Nursing Education’, ‘Clinical Practice in Nursing’, ‘Analysis of the Work of the Nurse’, ‘Health Education of School’, : the 80’s : ‘Nurse’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Operation’, ‘Nursing Role’, ‘Job Satisfaction’ : the 90’s : ‘Nurse’, ‘Elderly’, ‘Family-Support’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Home Care’. Key word ‘Nurse’ appears continuously and most frequently through the years, which indicates that there has been active study of the characteristics of nurses and related fields. The concept ‘Anxiety’ has been studied steadly from the 80’s and it shows that interest in health and disease are increasing Which comes as a result of society changing to an industrial and informational community. 4) Looking into each graduate school’s study area key words ‘Anxiety’, ‘Nurse’, ‘Mental Disorder’, ‘Stress /Stressor’, ‘Operation’, ‘Attitude’, ‘Hemo-dialysis’, were studied in the regular graduate school : ‘Family Planning /Contraception’, ‘Knowledge / Attitude /Practice’, ‘Physical Health-State /Physical Health Examination’, ‘Nurse’, ‘Using Clinical Facilities’, ‘Health Education of School’, were studied in the Graduate School of Public Health’ ; ‘Nurse’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Stress / Stressor’, ‘Job-Satisfaction’, ‘Clinical Practice Education’, ‘Nursing Education’, were studied in the Graduate School of Education : ‘Nurse’, ‘Job Satisfaction’, ‘Nursing Role’, ‘Administration - Employment /Employment Management’, ‘Leadership’, ‘Personnel Profile’, ‘Nursing Manpower / Changing Working Place’, were studied in the Graduate School of Public Administration. 5) The Connection between key words were : ‘Nurse Job Satisfaction’, ‘Stress / Stressor ⇔ Coping / Ajustment’, ‘Nurse ⇔ Nursing Role’, ‘Anxiety ⇔ Giving Information’, ‘Nurse ⇔ Stress / Stressor’, ‘Anxiety ⇔ Operation’, ‘Nurse ⇔ Burnout’, ‘Knowledge, Attitude, Practice ⇔ Family Planning’, ‘Nurse Administration ⇔ Employment’, ‘Anxiety Muscle ⇔ Relaxation Technic’, ‘Anxiety ⇔ Mental Disorder’. From the above it can be noted that many nursing concepts were handled in the thesis titles. But there were more than enough papers on the characteristics of the nurse. It is suggested that in depth research be made on ‘Nursing Accidents’, t-‘Ethics’, ‘Nurse - Patient Interactions’, ‘Spritual Care’, ‘Dying’, ‘Hospice’, ‘Resident Helper’ and that there should be in depth research relating to the physical and mental development of youth and in particular physical concepts like ‘Drug - Abuse’, ‘Child -Abuse and Teaching’.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.47-85
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• 1989

The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.183-221
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• 2013

While in the early stages of space activities only a few states engaged in the use of outer space, as is well known, commercial space activities have grown dramatically in recent years. Both states, state institutions, and international governmental organizations as well as many private enterprises are engaged in such commercial use of outer space by now. This development is not reflected in the present state of space law. The existing international instruments of space law were developed and finalized before this development and thus only provide very few and sometimes unfitting provisions for the commercial use of outer space and particularly the use by private enterprises. Law formulated in an era when the word "privatization" had not even been coined cannot contain potential problems caused by the increasing commercialization of outer space. For the promotion and further development of such commercial use of outer space it is necessary to clarify and establish the legal framework for such use, because participants will need this information for their future investments in this field. The purpose of this paper is to research and make an analysis of the contents and international regulation of international space commerce, which is rapidly proliferating and to review the process of improvement on national legislations relating to the commercialization of outer space in a few main space advanced countries to make the sustainable progress of commercial space activities project in international society. The legal implications of matters such as international commercial launch services, the liability aspects of such services, intellectual property rights, insurance, product liability insurance and materials processing could one day will be subject to regulated by international space law as well as domestic law. In fact, the question of commercialization is linked to the question of sharing benefits of space activities, and this currently is an agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of UN COPUOS. Most of developed countries have enacted the national legislation for commercial space activities relating to the development of our space as follows : The National Aeronautic and Space Act of 1958 and the Commercial Space Act of 1998 in the United States, Outer Space Act of 1986 in England, Establishment Act of National Space Center of 1961 in France, Canadian Space Agency Act of 1990 in Canada, Space Basic Act of 2008 in Japan, and Law on Space Activity of 1993 in Russia. Becides there are currently three national legislations relating to space development and commercial space activities in Korea as follows : Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. Commercial space great promise for the utilization and expansion of human outer space activities but aspring commercial actors must recognize that foreign policy, as well as obligations to the international community as a whole, ensure that commercial space activities will not operate in a legal and regulatory vacuum. As commercial space matures the law and accompanying regulation will most certainly evolve and choose to become participants in the inevitable evolution of law and regulation.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.52
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• pp.241-272
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• 2003

The Self-Support Program was introduced as an antipoverty policy at 2002 year in Korea. But, the Self-Support Program's negative or positive effects have been debated from diverse perspectives to the present. Thus, in this paper, we analyzed the effects of the Self-Support Program using the survey data from program participants. Even though the effects of Workfare Programs can be evaluated by various indicators(ex. income, employment status, poverty status, etc.), in our analysis the effects of the Self-Support Program are evaluated by participants' self-reliant attitudes and behaviors. Major findings are as follows. First, we found that some kinds of self-reliant attitudes(ex. work commitment, self-esteem, etc.) were build up through participation on the Self-Support program, but some kinds of self-reliant factors(job competence and skill, self-sufficiency prospect, etc.) which are more relevant to the self-sufficiency were not build up thorough it. Second, we found the positive effects of the program among people who are females, olders, less educated, more healthy, and the participants who have acquired more certificate of qualifications. Third, we also found that self-support center's job training program, adequate task matching, agency climates and intra-networks influence on the positive effects of the Self-Support Program. These findings suggest that the Self-Support Program has not been successful up to now and it's reformations are required. It means that objectives of the Self-Support Program as an anti-poverty policy must be obvious and program contents must be diverse. And also program administration systems need to be reformed in oder to raise the effectiveness of the Self-Support Program.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2004

Background : Recurrent pneumonia in adults is not uncommon. However, there is no domestic data about recurrent pneumonia in adults. Therefore, we investigated the associated diseases and clinical findings of recurrent pneumonia in adults. Methods : Among 5513 patients who were treated in five teaching hospitals of Hallym medical center?over a 5-year period, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the 58 who were compatible with diagnostic criteria of recurrent pneumonia. Results : The number of patients with recurrent pneumonia was 58 (1.05%, 58/5513) during the 5 years. Thirtyseven patients were male and 21 were female. Mean age was 66.4 (${\pm}14.9$) years. Median interval between each pneumonic episode was 18.5 months. Associated diseases were 25 cases of respiratory diseases, 13 of heart diseases, 13 of diabetes mellitus, 7 of lung malignancies, 11 of malignancies other than lung, 7 of neurologic disease, and 8 of miscellaneous diseases. Three cases had no underlying illness. Of the 8 cases with 2 or more times of recurrence, 4 were associated with respiratory diseases, 2 with aspiration pneumonia due to neurologic diseases, 1 with heart disease and 1 with no underlying illness. Recurrent pneumonic episodes affecting the same location were 30 of the total recurrent pneumonic episodes (30/67, 47.8%) and common associated diseases were respiratory diseases including lung malignancies. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia was Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, atypical organisms, etc. Conclusion : Recurrent pneumonia in adults had a low incidence rate compared with children, but most cases had associated illness. Respiratory diseases including lung cancer were the most common associated illness of recurrent pneumonia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

Background : It is difficult to differentiate between tuberculous pneumonia and Community Acquired Pneumonia, so the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pneumonia can be delayed frequently. In this study, we attempted to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and radiologic characteristics of tuberculous pneumonia. Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of 58 patients diagnosed with tuberculous pneumonia from Nov. 1997 to May 2001 at Korea university kuro hospital. Result : The male to female ratio was 1:1 and the mean age at diagnosis was $54.5{\pm}18.6$ years. Fifty five patients were confirmed microbiologically and three patients pathologically. There were 20 patients(34.5%) who had diabetes mellitus(8cases), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(3cases), malignancy(3cases), bronchiectasis(2cases), chronic renal failure(1cases) or long term history of corticosteroid treatment(3cases). Many patients had multilobar infiltration in chest X-ray, dominantly in the lower lobe. thirty two patients(55.2%) had infiltration in more than 2 lobes and 5 patients in more than 4 lobes. The significant correlation between the diabetes mellitus and the infiltrated Rt lower lobe(RLL) was found on the borders of confidence limit.(P=0.07<0.1). There was significant correlation between woman and infiltrated lobe(RML, RLL, LLL) excluding the both upper lobe(P=0.029). Conclusion : We must consider tuberculous pneumonia when lobar pneumonia with consolidation resistant to antibiotics, especially in the patients who have diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancy, bronchiectsis, chronic renal failure or long term history of corticosteroid treatment.