• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.373-377
• /
• 2009

It is well known that SOx and NOx concentration has a considerable influence on the $N_2O$ emission of the greenhouse gas properties. The quantity of SOx generated during combustion, on fuel specific basis, is directly related to the sulfur content of the fuel oil. However, restricting the fuel oil sulfur content is only a partial response to limiting the overall quantity of SOx emissions, as there remains no over control on the fuel oil consumption other than the commercial pressure which have always directed the attention. This study was carried out as a new basic experiment method of emission control, manly targeted to the vessel. In the experiment, where the scrubbing was achieved through spray tower with high alkaline water made from the electrolysis of seawater, the combined action was to neutralize the exhaust gases (SOx, PM, CO etc.), dilute it, and wash it out. The results showed that SOx reduction of around 95 percent or over could be achieved when using in the high alkaline water, and also leaded to a reduction in the stability of the each pollutant components including the PM (Particulate Matter). The results suggest that the seawater electrolysis method has a very effective reduction of emissions without heavy cost, or catalysts particularly on board.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.261-267
• /
• 2009

The coexistence policy of GM and non-GM crops is still on the debates in EU since “the recommendation on guidelines for the development of national strategies and best practices to ensure the coexistence of GM crops with conventional and organic farming” has been reported in 2003. The major issues are maximum tolerance level of GMO admixture and minimum isolation distances of GM fields with others including conventional, organic and seeds production. Majority of member states in EU proposed that the tolerance level of GMO admixture must be more strictly controlled, in particular in the fields for organic crops and seeds production. To this end, it was proposed that minimum isolation distances to segregate GM crops from fields with organic crops and seeds production need to be further extended than those of conventional crops since cross pollination with other crops adjacent GM fields is known as the most prevalent source for GMO contamination. In these circumstances, it is strongly suggested that the current legislations need to be revised including the minimum isolation distances of fields for each species before field cultivation for a commercial GM crop is approved for the first time in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.555-563
• /
• 2012

Due to the importance of energy-saving and CO2 reduction is being emphasized in the world, efforts to find a solution for the problems is increasing rapidly. In particular, the renewable energy is on understanding as a breakthrough for the protection of the environment and the economic development, so it is intensively fostered as future industries. Developed countries are already pursuing policy and technology development related with renewable energy. In this paper, we will develop MHD(Magneto Hydro Dynamics) technology to supply the commercial power that can is targeted at water pipe related with hydro power among renewable energy technologies. Kinetic energy of fluid flowing in the water pipe is converted into electric power. It allows stable power supply to the various sensors and devices on water pipe. We have performed several experiments to verify the application possibility of the developed technologies and present the result and a method of performance improvement of the technologies.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.73-94
• /
• 2009

There are significant differences between disputes among enterprises and disputes between consumers and an enterprise. A majority of consumers may suffer from the same damages at the same time with small amount concerned and sometimes low chances for find the real cause. Among these distinctive features, the most significant characteristic in consumer-business disputes can be found in that consumers are in a disadvantageous position compared to businesses. When it comes to consumer policy, the biggest aim lies with turning back the damage a consumer is suffering into normalcy. In this regard, the Consumer Dispute Resolution System is the most essential among consumer policies. In Korea, the Collective Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System was introduced to the Consumer Dispute Resolution System in 2007 in line with revision on the Consumer Basic Law. However, smooth damage redress for consumers is still not taking place. Against this backdrop, this report suggests that 'consumer arbitration' program should be introduced to the Consumer Dispute Resolution System as part of making good and smooth progress for consumer damage redress.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
• /
• v.65 no.2
• /
• pp.94-100
• /
• 2016

A virtual power plant (VPP) technology is a cluster of distributed generation installations. VPP system is that integrates several types of distributed generation sources, so as to give a reliable overall power supply. Virtual power plant systems play a key role in the smart grids concept and the move towards alternative sources of energy. They ensure improved integration of the renewable energy generation into the grids and the electricity market. VPPs not only deal with the supply side, but also help manage demand and ensure reliability of grid functions through demand response (DR) and other load shifting approaches in real time. In this paper, utilizing a variety of distributed generation resources(such as emergency generator, commercial generator, energy storage device), activation scheme of the virtual power plant technology. In addition, through the analysis of the domestic electricity market, it describes a scheme that can be a virtual power plant to participate in electricity market. It attempts to derive the policy support recommendation in order to obtain the basics to the prepared in position of power generation companies for the commercialization of virtual power plant.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2010

The International air transportation industry provides a vital communication link which brings prosperity to many states in our modern age. This invaluable link has been threatened by terrorism. Airlines have been one of the most attractive targets in the eyes of terrorists for several reasons, including particularly the international and symbolic nature of aviation, and the potential of multigovernmental involvement which can inevitably generate wide publicity. Terrorist attacks against civil aviation have been committed since the earliest days of civil aviation history. The first attack against civil aircraft dates back to the early 1930s. Since then, aircraft hijacking and other forms of attack against air transport operations have become one of the most serious challenges to the safety of flying. In recent years, a new form of threats against civil aviation has appeared. Man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) in the hands of criminals, terrorists, and other non-state actors pose a serious potential threat to passenger air travel, the commercial aviation industry, and military aircraft around the world. The purpose of this study is to provide some countermeasures against such attacks. In order to foster a better understanding of the problem, an introduction of MANPADS and a brief history of attacks using MANPADS are presented. It also examines the level of threats, trends of attacks using MANPADS and the possible countermeasures to be taken by the international community.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.81-95
• /
• 2020

The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of board size and board composition on financial performance of banks. The sample of this study consists on two countries listed bank sector Pakistan and China. The annul data is used from 2009-2018 to find the objective of this study. The Panel regression model is used to check the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Return on Asset and Return on Equity is used as performance checker dependent variables. The results of this study confirm board size coefficient value positive for ROA and negative for ROE but shows insignificant behavior for Pakistani banking sector while in Chinese banking sector the coefficient value of board size positively for ROA and ROE at 10% level. The board composition coefficient shows the negatively significant with ROA but insignificantly related to ROE for Pakistani banking sector. However, in Chinese banking sector the coefficient value of board composition is insignificant for both ROA and ROE. This study is helpful for banks, management of banks, policy makers, researcher as well as Government.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.767-771
• /
• 2002

Breeding efficiencies were compared among three population schemes: a single population, a population with two subpopulations and a population with three sub-populations. A simulation experiment of selection was carried out for 10 generations with 20 replications each by comparing average breeding values and inbreeding coefficients among the three population schemes. Phenotypes of three traits were generated with a model comprising 36 loci, each with additive genetic effects and residuals distributed normally. Among the three population schemes, the single population scheme was definitely superior to the other two with regards to selection response and inbreeding. The multiple sub-population scheme was, however, considered to be an alternative population scheme when the difference in economic weights of the traits was small among the sub-populations, assuming moderate inbreeding depression for traits and crossbreeding. The scheme with two sub-populations had a higher genetic value than that with three subpopulations; however, the genetic values of the schemes were comparable when maternal heterosis was taken into account. The choice of population schemes may depend on the cost-sharing policy between the breeding population and the commercial population rather than just the breeding efficiency.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2020

This paper examines the impacts of credit on income inequality in Vietnam. Though it is one of the most common measures of financial development, there is a dearth of research in this area. Unlike previous studies, the paper disaggregates the impact of each type of credit on income inequality, looking at the Gini coefficient. We employ the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) to solve the endogenous problem. The primary data set contains a panel of 60 Provincial observations, from data collected from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam from 2002 to 2016. The empirical findings show that, while commercial credit increases income inequality, policy credit contributes to reducing income inequality in Vietnam. The results also confirm the important roles of education, institutional quality and foreign direct investment in fighting against income inequality in Vietnam. However, the paper does not provide adequate evidence to support the inverted U-shaped relationship between credit and income inequality. Based on the findings, we argue that the government should direct flows of credit to real economic activities rather than speculative investment; more bank credit should be allocated to rural areas and agriculture; and favorable credit programs should be designed to promote education, especially of those living in rural areas.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.18
• /
• pp.137-157
• /
• 2002

The clauses of bill of lading(B/L) consist of the terms of contract for the carriage of goods by sea because of clauses of B/L by the mutual agreement of contracting parties. There are some exempted cause of deviation clause in B/L for specific reasons. Then deviation clauses are influenced by Rules of international carriage of goods by sea, because the international rules become the governing law of contract for the carriage of goods by sea. The problem of deviation clauses in B/L is stipulated as follows. "It shall be prerequisite to the Merchant' claim for damages on account of deviation that the merchant's insurance shall first have been cancelled on account of alleged deviation. No deviation shall oust the right to limit liability or damages, and the Carrier shall always be entitled to the full benefit of all privileges, rights and immunities contained in this Bill of Lading and incorporated tariffs." This stipulation should be adjusted according to the confirmed cases, otherwise it will be invalid according to the Hague Rules and Hamburg rules. The sphere of a reasonable deviation in the deviation clause should be interpreted in the connection with the designed voyage and the commercial object of contract for the carriage of goods by sea and the deviation become valid unless the policy, the general object of international rules or the true intention of contracting parties has violated.