• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.812-817
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• 2008

A catalytic combustible sensor for LPG/LNG detection was fabricated on $Al_2O_3$ substrate using planar technology. The catalysts of Pd and Pt were added to ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ powders. The mixture of Pt, Pd and $Al_2O_3$ were homogenized by using a three roll mixer. TCR characteristics of Pt heater were optimized with the heat treatment temperature. Sensing properties were investigated as a function of the microstructure of $Al_2O_3$, the gas concentration and the variation of input voltage. ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ sintered at 500 $^{\circ}C$ is more suitable as LPG/LNG sensor due to good grain shape and size distribution of about 300 nm than that of ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ which is in irregular shape and with a particle size of 5-30 ${\mu}m$. The sensor has shown maximum output voltage of 14 mV for 1000 ppm $C_4H_{10}$ and 3.8 mV for 1000 ppm $CH_4$ at 5.0 V input voltage.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.202-206
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• 2009

Flat type catalytic combustible hydrogen sensors were fabricated using platinum micro-heaters and sensing material pastes. The platinum micro-heater was formed on an alumina substrate by sputtering method. The paste for the sensing materials was prepared using ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ 30 wt%, $SnO_2$ 35 wt%, and Pd/Pt 30 wt% and coated on the platinum micro-heater. The sensing performances were tested for the prepared sensors with different substrate sizes. The micro catalytic combustible hydrogen sensors showed quick response time, high reliability, and good selectivity against various gases(CO, $C_3H_8,\;CH_4$) at low operating temperature of $156^{\circ}\C$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 2004

In order to study the effect of formulation type on the burning characteristics of smoke generator, fenarimol smoke generators containing the powdered rice chaff as a combustible carrier were prepared by molding the kneaded mixtures into various shapes. Smoke generators containing wood flour as a combustible carrier were also prepared and compared with smoke generators containing rice chaff. All the fenarimol smoke generators moulded into powders, granules, and rods continuously burned out when the sodium chlorate content exceeded 11%. Regardless of their types, the highest smoking rate of fenarimol was observed with more than 13% of sodium chlorate. The smoking rate of active ingredient followed with the increasing order of powder (64.5%) < granule (78.4%) < rod (90.9%). The smoke rod was robust, easy to ignite, and showed the highest smoking rate among the tested formulations. When the mixture of wood flour and anti-flame agent was used as a combustible carrier, the burning rate was so slow that wood flour formulation seemed to be more suitable to a slow-burning fumigant rather than smoke generator.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Investigation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.111-126
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• 2007

In this study, we drew identification techniques of cigarette fires through the cases analyses of the combustion characteristics, the combustion time, the combustion temperature, the combustion test of smoldering materials and the reappearance experiments of cigarette fires. To initiate fires by cigarette fire, the conditions of oxygen supply, combustible materials must be satisfied. On the other hand, fires were not spreaded easily under the insufficient combustion conditions.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2001

Recently environmental pollution at sea becomes serious, so every governmental organization makes its effort to solve this problem. Combustible ocean wastes as of ropes, fishing nets, and tires are usually highly polymerized compound materials. The problem of ocean waste treatment can be solved by using the pyrolysis method. Pyrolysis characteristics of ocean waste was examined to get the basic data for the production system of fuel from the ocean waste. Thermogravimetric experiment showed that residual mass rate decreases as the velocity of temperature-rising becomes lower. The pyrolysis of waste rope and fishing net occurs at 300~450$^{\circ}C $ and the waste tire does at 350~450$^{\circ}C $. Pyrolysis time is estimated about 15 to 20 minutes in the temperature range when lively act of pyrolysis temperature reached.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.107-108
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• 2013

In this study, combustibles investigation and fire growth rate experiment were performed for predicting initial fire behavior in buildings. Combustibles investigation was performed for residential buildings, which is most frequently affected by fire in Korea. Spatial characteristics and combustibles properties were separately investigated, and occupied area and layout characteristics of combustibles were identified to produce general layout models. Of the layout models, room was selected for fire test of a single compartment. From this test, fire propagation for each combustible was identified, which was delayed compared to the summed heat release rate of a single combustible.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.28-34
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• 2020

In this study, an ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter experiment was conducted to examine the effects of changes in flow and thermal thickness around solid combustibles on heat release rate characteristics. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a solid combustible material that does not generate char during the combustion reaction. Hence, it was selected for the experiment, and the thermal penetration depth was calculated to distinguish the thermal thickness of PMMA. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition characteristics were analyzed by measuring the heat release rate measured during the combustion of PMMA. This was performed after generating the forced flow around the combustibles by setting the duct flow of the cone calorimeter to 12, 24, and 40 L/s. The results confirmed that the thermal release rate of the thermally thin combustible material was not significantly affected by the change in the surrounding flow. Hence, the thermally thick combustible material was significantly affected by the change in the flow rate.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2009

Results for application of RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) to selected wastes in metropolitan and small and medium cities are as follows. The physical characteristics of waste are paper, plastic, food waste, and so on. The proximate analysis in P city showed 20.2% of moisture, 71% of combustible material, and 8.8% of ash on annual average. That in G city showed 31.6% of moisture, 59.5% of combustible material, and 8.9% of ash. Ultimate analysis in P city showed 52.04% of carbon, 7.02% of hydrogen, 28.80% of oxygen, 0.66% of nitrogen, and 0.09% of sulfur. Heating value was 3,363 kcal/kg. Ultimate analysis in G city showed 50.85% of carbon, 6.56% of hydrogen, 29.86% of oxygen, 0.79% of nitrogen, and 0.12% of sulfur. Heating value in the G city was somewhat lower than that in the P city with 2,632 kcal/kg. Thus, application of RDF in metropolitan city was more effective than that in small and medium cities. Heating value in mixture for the P city was lower than that in waste of the volume rate waste charge system alone by 143 kcal/kg. In proximate analysis, moisture, and combustible material were likely to be more adequate to RDF.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.21-38
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• 2004

Objectives : Moxibustion has been become very useful tool to prevent and treat various diseases with acupuncture in oriental medicine. Expecially, moxibustion combining the heat stimulation and chemical stimulation of Artemisiae Argyi has a non-invasive characteristics comparing to the other therapeutic tools. However, because the moxibustion makes the patient's skin be burn by the combustible feature of moxibustion, most of people have been scared of being scald. Methods : In this study, we have developed new non-combustible moxibustion tools in collaboration with company (Hana Medical, co. and ICURE, co.) and tested the efficacy through effects of moxibustion of Cheon-chu $(ST_{25})$ on the abdominal thermography of health subject. The non-combustible moxibustion has main characteristics of controlled heating to inhibit being scald and heat stimulation lasting over 1 hrs. Also, to induce the chemical stimulation, the bottom contacting with skin was coated by the extract of artemisiae argyi. The volunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 20 - 30 mins in room temperature $(23-25^{\circ}C)$ before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking, drinking and administration of drug for the previous day The thermography of abdomen including a below part of the chest was taken using Infra-Red Imaging System (IR 2000, MEDI-CORE Co., Korea) by time interval of 15 minutes. Results : The results showed that moxibustion of Cheon-chu $(ST_{25})$ had more potencies of changes on all the ROIs of abdominal thermography than those of control group. Also, it was observed that the quantities of thermal changes following moxibustion of Cheon-chu $(ST_{25})$ been increased significantly comparing that of control group at all the ROIs (region of interest). Observed the thermography classified by ROI, however, moxibustion of Cheon-chu $(ST_{25})$ could modulate ipsilateral specific areas concerning to the abdominal pathway of Stomach Meridian. Conclusion : These results suggest that new non-combustible moxibusion has some similarity as like as the conventional moxibustion and moxibustion of Cheon-chu $(ST_{25})$ may modulate thermal changes of abdominal areas.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.507-518
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• 2021

The application of an adhesive calcium carbonate-based hybrid insulation board with quasi-combustibility in the external thermal insulation composite system(ETICS) ensures effective thermal performance and fire safety. This study aimed to conduct a mechanical test of the quasi-non-combustible hybrid insulation board as well as its constituent materials to obtain the basic data for the structural design of the adhesive ETICS. Test specimens were fabricated based on domestic and foreign test standards to examine and evaluate their tensile, compressive, flexural, and shear strengths. The strength characteristics of the quasi-non-combustible hybrid insulation board were identified from the test results, which verified that the minimum required physical properties suggested by the current KS M ISO 4898 were met. Furthermore, the quasi-non-combustible ETICS used in this study was found to be suitable for use as an external insulation system for walls unless subjected to continuous gravity load, such as a heavy exterior finish.