• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

The distinction between isolated and combined injuries is crucial both for treatment and prognosis. For most combined injuries, surgical treatment continues to be favored over nonoperative treatment. It is generally agreed that isolatel PCL injuries do well without surgery. There has been an interest by many authors to fix the graft directly to the posterior aspect of the tibia(tibial inlay). With this procedure, tibial graft fixation will be more direct and theoretically reduce the bending effects of the graft with a fixation site far away from the tibial insertion. Modified tibial inlay technique, which is the posterior approach does not require the patient to be in the prone or lateral decubitus position during the operation. Use of a double-bundle reconstructive technique is attractive and has been performed by some surgeons. At this time, this procedure is still being investigated and should not be routinely used in the clinical setting until studies have indicated an advantage over current single-bundle techniques. However theologically, double-bundle reconstructive technique is more useful in severe posterior unstable knee. Recent advances have increased our knowledge of the anatomy and mechanical characteristics of the PCL. Basic science research has further increased our awareness of the interaction of the posterolateral structures with the PCL. To achieve restoration of normal posterior laxity, it is critical to address the posterior as well as the postero-lateral structures. Surgical treatment is often complex and requires a wide range of surgical techniques and skills to treat associated injuries. When the PCL is reconstructed, most surgeons choose to reconstruct the anterolateral component using a graft of sufficient size and strength. The initial postoperative rehabilitation should be addressed cautiously in an effort to avoid excessive forces on delicate repairs and reconstructions in these complex injuries. Further research is necessary to evaluate new surgical approaches such as double-bundle reconstructions and tibial inlay techniques as well as improved techniques for capsular and collateral ligament injuries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.781-784
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the adenovirus-mediated double suicide gene (CD/TK) for selective killing of gastric cancer cells. Gastric cancer cells SCG7901 and normal gastric epithelial cell lines were infected by adenoviruses Ad-survivin/GFP and Ad-survivin/CD/TK. GFP expression and CD-TK were detected by fluorescence microscopy and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. After treatment of the infected cells with the pro-drugs ganciclovir (GCV) and/or 5-FC, the cell growth status was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Cell cycle changes were detected using flow cytometry. In nude mice bearing human gastric cancer, the recombinant adenovirus vector was injected directly into the tumor followed by an intraperitoneal injection of GCV and/or 5-FC. The subsequent tumor growth was then observed. The GFP gene driven by survivin could be expressed within the gastric cancer line SCG7901, but not in normal gastric epithelial cells. RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of the CD/TK gene product in the infected SCG7901 cells, but not in the infected normal gastric epithelial cells. The infected gastric cancer SCG7901, but not the gastric cells, was highly sensitive to the pro-drugs. The CD/TK fusion gene system showed significantly greater efficiency than either of the single suicide genes in killing the target cells (P<0.01). Treatment of the infected cells with the pro-drugs resulted in increased cell percentage in G0-Gl phase and decreased percentage in S phase. In nude mice bearing SCG7901 cells, treatment with the double suicide gene system significantly inhibited tumor growth, showing much stronger effects than either of the single suicide genes (P<0.01). The adenovirus-mediated CD/TK double suicide gene driven by survivin promoter combined with GCV an 5-FC treatment could be an effective therapy against experimental gastric cancer with much greater efficacy than the single suicide gene CD/TK combined with GCV or 5-FC.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.33-53
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• 2017

The UK Government's approach to how to deliver regeneration in its towns and cities has changed considerably in recent years. Traditionally, urban regeneration policy focused on reversing physical, economic and social decline in an area where market forces would not do this without intervention. Since 2010 urban regeneration has become a vital part of the Government's approach to increasing local growth and competitiveness and building a strong and balanced economy. The current emphasis is on a place-based approach to regeneration that builds on the particular strengths of different places to drive growth and addresses the factors that hold them back. This paper outlines the key features of current UK urban regeneration policy and how interventions to support regeneration and growth are being pursued at different spatial scales to ensure all parts of the country benefit. They include pan regional initiatives like the Northern Powerhouse and Midlands Way, to groups of local authorities operating at a sub regional level (combined authorities/city regions), Local Enterprise Partnerships, and a variety of smaller scale programmes delivering regeneration in areas of economic and social decline. The paper explains some of the policy instruments and funding programmes available to support regeneration, and provides case studies of some major urban regeneration projects that illustrate the new approach including housing and infrastructure improvements like the planned High Speed Rail 2 line. These are supporting regeneration through the creation of strategic partnerships involving government, places and investors. The paper concludes with some lessons from past and future regeneration schemes to improve their effectiveness and impact on places and enhance local growth potential.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.239-249
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• 1997

랜덤하중 하에서의 구분적선형시스템이 갖는 노이즈의 영향으로 인해 그 특성이 많이 감소되거나 소멸된 응답거동으로부터 chaos거동을 검출하는 방법을 개발, 분석하였다. 해양에서 구조물이 받는 파력은 결정론적이 아닌 추계론적이다. 바람, 파도 그리고 조류 등에 의한 파력은 유한도의 랜던성을 갖으며, 이러한 파력은 지배적인 조화가진하중과 정규 백색노이즈를 더함으로써 표현할 수 있다. 외적 동요를 받는 시스템의 응답거동은 그 거동이 방해를 받으며, 이로 인해 chaos응답거동을 확인하기가 어려우며, 그 거동의 특성이 일반적인 랜덤거동과 다를 바가 없다. 이러한 경우, 평균 포인케어맵을 이용하여 랜덤노이즈에 의해 발견되지 않는 chaos응답거동을 식별할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 직접수치시뮬레이션상에서 이러한 평균 포인케어맵을 만드는 방법을 개발하였으며, 얻어진 평균 포인케어맵의 적용범위에 대하여 분석하였다. 평균 포인케어맵은 노이즈가 포함된 조화가진하중을 받는 시스템의 chaos응답거동을 확인하는데 있어서 노이즈의 강도가 높을 때 일반적인 포인케어맵만으로는 놓칠 수 있는 chaos응답거동을 성공적으로 확인할 수 있음을 알아내었다. 또한 시스템의 응답거동에서 chaos의 특성이 완전히 사라지는 노이즈의 강도를 얻을 수 있음도 알아내었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2017

This paper presents the dynamic stability study of laminated composite plates with different force combinations and aspect ratios. Optimum non-diverging stacking is obtained for certain loading combination and aspect ratio. In addition, the stability force is maximized for a definite operating frequency. A dynamic version of the principle of virtual work for laminated composites is used to obtain force-frequency relation. Since dynamic stiffness governs the divergence or flutter, an efficient optimization method is necessary for the response functional and the relevant constraints. In this way, a model based on the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is proposed to search for the proper stacking. The ACO algorithm is used since it treats with large number of dynamic stability parameters. Governing equations are formulated using classic laminate theory (CLT) and von-Karman plate technique. Load-frequency relations are explicitly obtained for fundamental and secondary flutter modes of simply supported composite plate with arbitrary aspect ratio, stacking and boundary load, which are used in optimization process. Obtained results are compared with the finite element method results for validity and accuracy convince. Results revealed that the optimum stacking with stable dynamic response and maximum critical load is in angle-ply mode with almost near-unidirectional fiber orientations for fundamental flutter mode. In addition, short plates behave better than long plates in combined axial-shear load case regarding stable oscillation. The interaction of uniaxial and shear forces intensifies the instability in long plates than short ones which needs low-angle layup orientations to provide required dynamic stiffness. However, a combination of angle-ply and cross-ply stacking with a near-square aspect ratio is appropriate for the composite plate regarding secondary flutter mode.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2019

A series of model tests was performed to evaluate the survivability of an articulated tower-type buoy structure under harsh environmental conditions. The buoy structure consisted of three long pipes, a buoyancy module, and top equipment. The scale model was made of acrylic pipe and plastic with a scale ratio of 1/22. The experiments were carried out at the ocean engineering basin of KRISO. The performance of the buoy structure was investigated under waves only and under combined environmental conditions from sea state (SS) 5 to 7. A nonlinear time-domain numerical simulation was conducted using the mooring analysis program OrcaFlex. The survivability of the buoy was analyzed based on three factors: the pitch motion, submergence of the top structure, and anchor reaction force. The model test results were directly compared to the results of numerical simulations. The effects of the sea state and combined environment on the performance of the buoy structure were investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제82권1호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2022

The bracing members capable of active control against seismic loads to reduce earthquake damage have been widely utilized in construction projects. Effectively reducing the structural damage caused by earthquake events, bracing systems equipped with retrofitting damper devices, which take advantage of the energy dissipation and impact absorption, have been widely used in practical construction sites. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a new generation of smart materials with the capability of recovering their predefined shape after experiencing a large strain. This is mainly due to the shape memory effects and the superelasticity of SMA. These properties make SMA an excellent alternative to be used in passive, semi-active, and active control systems in civil engineering applications. In this research, a new system in diagonal braces with slit damper combined with SMA is investigated. The diagonal element under the effect of tensile and compressive force turns to shear force in the slit damper and creates tension in the SMA. Therefore, by creating shear forces in the damper, it leads to yield and increases the energy absorption capacity of the system. The purpose of using SMA, in addition to increasing the stiffness and strength of the system, is to create reversibility for the system. According to the results, the highest capacity is related to the case where the ratio of the width of the middle section to the width of the end section (b₁/b) is 1.0 and the ratio of the height of the middle part to the total height of the damper (h₁/h) is 0.1. This is mainly because in this case, the damper section has the highest cross-section. In contrast, the lowest capacity is related to the case where b₁/b=0.1 and the ratio h₁/h=0.8.

• 의정연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.69-106
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• 2021

본고는 대통령제와 정당기율이 강한 정당들로 구성된 양당제의 결합이란 제도적 요인에 초점을 맞춰, 민주화 이후 한국에서 여야 간 극심한 정치적 갈등 및 대립이 지속될 수밖에 없었던 원인을 설명하고자 한다. 그리고 대통령제와 정당기율이 약한 양당제가 결합된 경우로 미국을, 대통령제와 정당기율이 강한 다당제가 결합된 경우로 칠레를 각각 들고 어떻게 양 사례에서 협치가능성이 제고될 수 있었는지 분석할 것이다. 나아가, 이 비교 분석을 통해, 한국의 경우 역시 협치가능성 제고를 위해선 정당체계 변화를 수반하게 될 일련의 정치개혁들, 즉 개별 의원들의 자율성을 강화시켜줄 당조직상의 분권화 혹은 민주화나, 다당제를 추동해낼 결선투표제의 도입 혹은 비례대표제의 확대 등이 요구됨을 그 실천적 함의로 제안하려 한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.75-89
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• 2005

D. K. LEE, J. S. LEE, B. J. LEE, H. S. LEE, Y. J. KIM, S. B. PARK, J. P. JOO. Plantar foot pressure analysis during golf swing motion using plantar foot pressure measurement system. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 75-89, 2005. In this study, weight carrying pattern analysis and comparison method of four foot region were suggested. We used three types of club(driver, iron7, pitching wedge). This analysis method can compare between top class golfer and beginner. And the comparison data can be used to correct the swing pose of trainee. If motion analysis system, which can measure the swing speed and instantaneous acceleration at the point of hitting a ball, is combined with this plantar foot force analysis method, new design development of golf shoes to increase comfort and ball flight distance will be available. 1. Address acting, forces concentrated in rare foot regions and lateral foot of right foot. Back swing top acting, relatively high force occurred in medial forefoot region of left foot and forefoot region of right foot. Impact acting, high force value observed in the lateral rarefoot region of left foot and medial forefoot region of right foot. Finish acting, force concentration observed on the lateral region and rarefoot region of left foot. 2. Forces were increased in address of right foot with clubs length increased. All clubs, back swing top acting, high force value observed in the lateral forefoot region of right foot. All clubs, in impact, high force value observed in the lateral rarefoot region of left foot and medial forefoot region of right foot. Finish acting, force concentration observed on the rarefoot region in driver and lateral foot region in iron on left foot. 3. Right foot forces distribution were increased in address, back swing top and left foot force distribution were increased in impact, finnish

• 해양안보
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.311-343
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• 2020

지구온난화의 영향으로 2035년 이후 북극해가 대부분 개방될 것으로 예측된다. 그리고 북극해 개방 시에는 북유럽까지 항해 거리·비용 감소, 북극권 자원 해상운송, 아시아의 허브항으로서 간접이익 창출 등 많은 국가이익이 기대되고 있다. 이에 따라 미지의 영역이던 북극해에서 국가이익을 확보하고, 국민의 자유로운 활동을 보장하기 위해 정부도 구체적인 정책을 수립하여 추진 중이다. 해군도 북극해 관련 국가정책을 군사적으로 뒷받침하려면, 지금부터 역할과 계획을 구체화해야만 한다. 북극해에서 지원 임무를 수행하기 위해 해군력은 고유 작전특성(기동성, 융통성, 지속성, 현시성, 투사성)을 발휘하여야 하며, 이를 준비하는 과정에서 긍정적·부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 내·외부 작전환경(OE)을 먼저 분석할 필요가 있었다. 이는 해군 내부의 강점(S)과 약점(W), 외부의 기회(O)와 위협(T)으로 구분되는데, 각 환경요인들을 연계(S-O, S-T, W-O, W-T)하여, 작전특성을 구현할 수 있는 발전방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 해군은 경험해보지 못한 추운 원해에서 임무를 수행하기 위해 다음의 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 첫째, 정부 정책과 발맞추어 해군의 단계적인 추진계획(로드맵)을 작성하고, 둘째, 국내·외 교육훈련 프로그램과 해외 연합훈련에 적극적으로 참여함으로써 전문인력을 양성해야 한다. 셋째, 국내의 우수한 특수선박 조선기술과 4차 산업혁명 신기술을 적용하여 극지 작전용 무장·장비·물자를 확보하는 한편, 광활한 북극해 상 전력공백을 해소하기 위해 연합작전 역량과 군사신뢰도를 증진하면서, 북극권 내 기항지를 마련할 필요가 있다. 끝으로, 북극권 진출 후 군사적·비전통적 위협(전염병, 재난, 인명구조 등)에 대응하며, 다양한 성과를 창출할 수 있도록 사전 준비를 해나가야 할 것이다.