• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.515-520
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• 2009

This study investigated the influence of oxyanions (nitrate, carbonate, phosphate) on the attachment of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) to Al-Fe bimetallic oxide-coated sand using column experiments. Results showed that bacterial attachment to the coated sand was independent of nitrate concentration. Bacterial mass recovery remained constant (10.9${\pm}$0.2%) with varying nitrate concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 mM). In case of carbonate, mass recovery increased from 25.6% to 39.0% with increasing carbonate concentration from 0.1 mM to 1 mM, and mass recovery also increased from 50.9% to 78.9% at the same concentration condition in case of phosphate. This phenomenon could be attributed to the hindrance effect of carbonate and phosphate to bacterial attachment to the coated sand. Meanwhile, with increasing carbonate/phosphate concentration from 1 mM to 10 mM, mass recovery decreased from 39.0% to 23.8% and from 78.9% to 52.6%, respectively. This phenomenon could be ascribed to the enhancement effect of free carbonate/phosphate ions present in solution phase due to increasing carbonate/phosphate concentration, which increase ionic strength and thus enhance bacterial attachment to the coated sand. In our experimental conditions, the effect of phosphate to bacterial attachment to the coated sand was the greatest among phosphate, carbonate, and nitrate.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2003

The optimum conditions for the residue analysis of hydroxyanilide fungicide fenhexamid on cucumber, strawberry and grape were investigated by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and the residual amount was determined by sprayed days before harvest. Each samples were extracted with acetone, filtered and concentrated to 50 mL. The concentrated extracts were transferred to dichloromethane and then thoroughly concentrated. The concentrated phase was loaded on the filtration column stuffed with silica gel and purified with acetone:hexane (5:95, 15:85, v/v) mixed solvent. The regression equation and linearity of the standard calibration curves between 0.05~2.00 ng were as follows : cucumber; Y=312.40X+10.26, $R^2=0.9996$, strawberry; Y=313.33X+5.54, $R^2=0.9998$, grape; Y=253.27X-2.23, $R^2=0.9994$. From the standard additional experiments with 0.10 mg/L and 0.40 mg/L, the average recoveries of cucumber, strawberry and grape were 94.8%, 88.1% and 93.7%, respectively and the detection limits were all the same as 0.01 mg/L. Residual amounts in crops were ranged from 0.01 to 0.58 mg/L.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.79-89
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• 2006

The survival rate and tube number of Monocorophium uenoi, one of the dominant species in Lake Sihwa, was investigated under laboratory condition with salinity gradients (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40‰). Another laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the survival rate of Monocorophium uenoi in sulphide-rich sediment with oxic overlying water, and the effect of amphipod bioturbation on sulphide and oxygen profiles. The survival rate and tube-forming number of the amphipod were high in salinity range of 20 to 30‰. The amphipod survival rate was also high in sulphidic sediment when the water column was oxic. The amphipod bioturbation affected the oxygen and sulphide content in the sediment; oxygen conditions in the upper sediment layers were improved, and simultaneously the concentrations of sulphide were reduced. And their depth was clearly dependent on amphipod density. In Lake Sihwa, previously anoxic bottoms with sulphidic sediment during summer turn oxic with pycnocline disappearance during autumn. Amphipods seem to have the capability to quickly invade such areas, and their tubing of the sediment may play an important role in preparing the sediment for further recolonisation of other macrobenthos.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.3.1-3.11
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• 2018

This study aimed to verify the effects of estrogen on the onset and development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the mechanisms associated with these effects by constructing a pubescent bipedal rat model. Experiments were conducted to investigate whether scoliosis progression was prevented by a Triptorelin treatment. One hundred twenty bipedal rats were divided into female, OVX (ovariectomy), OVX + E2, Triptorelin, sham, and male groups. According to a spinal radiographic analysis, the scoliosis rates and curve severity of the female and OVX + E2 groups were higher than those in the OVX, Triptorelin, and male groups. The measurements obtained from the sagittal plane of thoracic vertebrae CT confirmed a relatively slower growth of the anterior elements and a faster growth of the posterior elements between T11 and T13 in the female and OVX + E2 groups than in the OVX and Triptorelin groups. Histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry revealed a significantly longer hypertrophic zone of the vertebral cartilage growth plates that expressed more type X collagen and less type II collagen in the OVX and Triptorelin groups than in the female and OVX + E2 groups. Ki67 immunostaining confirmed an increase in the proliferation of vertebral growth plate chondrocytes in the OVX group compared with the female and OVX + E2 groups. In conclusion, estrogen obviously increased the incidence of scoliosis and curve severity in pubescent bipedal rats. The underlying mechanism may be a loss of coupling of the endochondral ossification between the anterior and posterior columns. Triptorelin decreased the incidence of scoliosis and curve magnitudes in bipedal female rats.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

The main objective of this study is to assess the compatibility between Korean ministry of environment (KME) standard and ISO (KS I ISO) standard for the determination of BTEX and TPH content in soil. We carried out comparison analysis for both methods using CRM and matrix spiked samples. In case of GC-MS analysis for BTEX, we got statistically (significance level: 0.05) the same results from KME standard (ES 07600.1) and ISO standard (KS I ISO 15009). However, it showed statistically (significance level: 0.05) different results when TPH was analyzed by KME standard (ES 07552.1) and ISO standard (KS I ISO 16703). To clarify the reason why both methods produced different results for TPH content, we also did some additional experiments in terms of differences in extraction, clean-up and target hydrocarbon range. Extraction with polar and non-polar compounds mixed solvent (acetone+n-heptane) of KS I ISO 16703 showed higher extraction efficiency than with only non polar solvent (dichloromethane) extraction of ES 07552.1 by about 9%. While column type clean-up of KS I ISO 16703 showed the reduction in TPH content between before and after clean-up, batch type of clean-up of ES 07552.1 did not show any changes in TPH content through clean-up process. The target hydrocarbon range of ES 07552.1 and KS I ISO 16703 is $C_8{\sim}C_{40}$ and $C_{10}{\sim}C_{40}$, respectively. From this point of view, kerosene and JP-8 contaminated soil showed higher RPD (relative producibility deviation) values between results by both method than that of lubricant or diesel contaminated soil. The higher content of hydrocarbon ($C_8{\sim}C_{10}$) in kerosene and JP-8 played an important role in increasing RPD values in addition to the effects caused by different solvents and clean-up method. Consequently, it was concluded that both methods (ES 07552.1 and KS I ISO 16703) were not compatible.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.376-381
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• 2021

Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a root vegetable and a popular functional food ingredient of dark red-purple appearance due largely to betacyanins, principally betanine (75-95%) and its isomer, isobetanine (15-45%). This study developed an analytical method for beet red in terms of betanine and isobetanine in processed food products labeled with beet red as a food additive. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) was used with a C₁₈ column. Linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision and uncertainty in measurement were calculated for method validation. Matrix-matched calibration was applied to the candy, ice cream, and cocoa product, respectively, and R² was ≥0.9998, showing a high level of linearity. The LOD and LOQ were 0.16 to 0.32 and 0.48 to 0.97 mg/L, respectively. As a result of repeated intra-day and interday experiments to validate the accuracy and precision of the analytical method, the recovery rates were 96.0-103.1% and 100.0-102.2%, respectively and the RSD% was 0.5-3.3% and 0.9-3.8%, respectively. Moreover, the measurement uncertainty was estimated to be 1.71-12.43% depending on the matrix and the measured concentration. In this study, betanine and isobetanine were quantified (8.4-3,823.4 mg/kg) by applying the developed analytical method to processed food products (n= 26; e.g., candy, ice cream, and other processed foods) labeled with beet red as a food additive.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2019

Background: Inflammation is widespread in the clinical pathology and closely associated to the progress of many diseases. Triterpenoid saponins as a key group of active ingredients in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen were demonstrated to show antiinflammatory effects. However, the chemical structures of saponins in the leaves and stems of Panax notoginseng (PNLS) are still not fully clear. Herein, the isolation, purification and further evaluation of the antiinflammatory activity of dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from PNLS were conducted. Methods: Silica gel and reversed-phase C8 column chromatography were used. Furthermore, preparative HPLC was used as a final purification technique to obtain minor saponins with high purities. MS, NMR experiments, and chemical methods were used in the structural identifications. The antiinflammatory activities of the isolated saponins were assessed by measuring the nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the gene expressions of inflammation-related gene. Results: Eight new minor dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, namely notoginsenosides LK1-LK8 (1-8) were obtained from PNLS, along with seven known ones. Among the isolated saponins, gypenoside IX significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, interleukin 10, interferon-inducible protein 10 and $interleukin-1{\beta}$. Conclusion: The eight saponins may enrich and expand the chemical library of saponins in Panax genus. Moreover, it is reported for the first time that gypenoside IX showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS) pellets for the arsenic (As) stabilization and to suggest an evaluation method for arsenic stabilization efficiency in soil around abandoned coal mines. The soil samples were collected from the agricultural field around Ham-Tae, Dong-Won, Dong-Hae, and Ok-Dong coal mine. The As concentration in soil was exceeding the criteria of soil pollution level, except for Ham-Tae coal mine. The AMDS pellets are more appropriate to use by reducing dust occurrence during the transport and application process than AMDS powder. In addition, AMDS pellets were maintained the As stabilization efficiency. The application of AMDS pellets for the As stabilization in soil was assessed by column experiments. The AMDS pellets were more effective than limestone and steel slag, which used as the conventional additives for the stabilization process. The As extraction by $0.43M\;HNO_3$ or $1M\;NaH_2PO_4$ solution were appropriate evaluation methods for evaluation of As stabilization efficiency in the soil.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of five EMS lumbar back pressure belts produced on an anatomical basis on lumbar spine stabilization. Five core muscles were selected, including the urinal, vertebral column, endotracheal, external abdominal, and large back muscles, and patterns were designed using a conductive fabric considering the appropriate muscle shape and pain-causing points. We experimented with four motions to examine the effects of different EMS abdominal compression belts on lumbar spine stabilization. Five healthy men in their 20s were selected. The selection conditions include no back pain history for the past three months, no restricted movements through pre-inspection, and the muscular strength of the body should belong to the normal grade. Using SLR, the sequence of experimental actions was chosen from the following but not limited to left-hand, body-hand, and back-line forces. Resting between movements lasted for 2 min, and the experiments were conducted after wearing the EMS abdominal pressure belt. Electrical stimulation was applied for 10 min to increase blood flow and muscle activation. The statistics of the experimental results were analyzed for specific differences by conducting the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with nonparametric tests. The ranking results of each pattern were successfully assessed in the order of 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 for the five patterns, and we could identify slightly more significant results for experimental behavior associated with each muscle movement. Patterns produced based on anatomy showed differentiated effects when electric stimulation was applied to each muscle in different shapes, which could improve the stabilization of the lumbar spine in everyday life or training to the public. Based on these results, subsequent research would focus on developing smart healthcare clothing that is practical in daily life by employing different anatomical mechanisms, depending on the back pain, to utilize trunk-type tights.

• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2010

Effects of $Ca(OH)_2$ concentration (0.16~0.64 wt%), surfactant concentration (2~16 wt%), total volumetric flow rate (3~6 L/min) and $CO_2$ volume fraction $(0.3{\sim}0.6)$ on morphology, crystal structure, mean particle diameter, aggregation and specific surface area of the precipitated $CaCO_3$ were investigated in the slurry bubble column reactor. Experiments were carried out in acrylic reactor ($0.11\;m-ID{\times}1.0\;m-high$) with a internal tube ($0.04\;m-ID{\times}1.0\;m-high$h). The reaction time of $CaCO_3$ synthesis decreased with adding Dispex N40 of the anionic surfactant. The reaction rate of $Ca(OH)_2$ increased with increasing the volumetric flow rate of $CO_2$. From SEM images, the single crystal of $CaCO_3$ increased with increasing the reaction rate in the saturated concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0.16 wt %) and the concentration of Dispex N40 (2 wt%). The mean particle size of $CaCO_3$ varied with adding Dispex N40. In addition, the specific surface area of $CaCO_3$ increased with adding of surfactant (2 wt%) from $35m^2/g$ to $44m^2/g$ at the volumetric flow rate of $CO_2$ (0.9 L/min) and the concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$(0.64 wt %).