• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2004

To develop the red pepper seasoning oil(RPSO), corn oil was used as the base oil. For generating hot taste and color, oleoresin capsicum and oleoresin paprika were mixed to base oil (SSO1). Then, for generating black red color, natural black pigment that is extracted from gardenia and kaoliang was added SSO1 to prepare SSO2. To magnify the hot taste, extract of red pepper, phosphoric salt and emulsifier (monogly 20) were. then added to SSO2 to prepare SSO3. This SSO3 was very similar to real red pepper seed oil as a color and taste, but its hot flavor was not enough. To resolve this problem, we mixed about 5% of another oil(SSO4), which was mingled and roasted red pepper powder with corn oil, to SSO3. In terms of above experiment, RPSO was obtained.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.673-676
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• 2008

Recent trends show an increased usage of 'colored concrete', a inorganic pigmented concrete mix, especially in small to large scale buildings. However, due to lack of regulations, current usage of colored concrete indicates a lack of consideration for safety factors and aesthetic aspects. Sometimes color pigmentation used in paints are inappropriately used in concrete, and in many cases the addition of coloring material is done without proper research into how structural characteristics of resulting concrete may have been affected. To resolve these issues, some construction sites apply ASTM or ACI regulations. However, such regulations incorporate elements that cannot be applied in Korea, which makes their domestic application impractical. In this paper, the primary aim is to determine to what extent the basic material characteristics of concrete is affected by the variety and quantity of different color pigments, and in so doing establish a foundation for future reference in case of construction projects involving the use of colored concrete.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1987

In order to prevent browning during drying of garlic flakes, the effect of dipping in phosphate complex solution prior to drying on the development of brown pigment in the flakes were studied. The browning color development during drying of the flakes was greatly dependent on phosphate complex concentration and their dipping time. A reciprocal relationship between browning color formation and reducing sugar content of dried garlic flakes was found. The browning color development during drying of the flakes was effectively impeded by dipping in 0.3% phosphate complex solution for 3 minute. The reduction of pyruvate content during drying of the flakes was greatly influenced by phosphate complex concentration and drying temperature, and a maximum retention was acieved by 3 minute dipping in 0.2-0.3% phosphate complex solution. The dried yield of the flakes dipped in phosphate complex solution was 1.62-1.75% lower than control and it was mainly caused by the dissolution of soluble solids during dipping.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1149-1157
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• 2000

To confirm the factors concerning color changes of traditional kochujang, heating, U.V. and $N_2$ gas substitution treatment were conducted on duk(rice cake) kochujang and shikhae(malt digested syrup) kochujang. The value of L, a and b value by Hunter of each kochujang were gradually decreased during fermentation and ${\delta}E$ increased. The ${\delta}E$ value of duk kochujang treated by U.V. was higher than those of the other treatments and non heated shikhae kochujang showed higher ${\delta}E$ value. The main cause of color change by factor analysis on various factors of duk kochujang and shikhae kochujang were light, and light and heat respectively. The acetone and water extracted pigments had maximum absorbance at 450-470 nm and 200-205 nm respectively.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find out the cause of discoloration after pressing yellow-colored flowers. Plant materials used were Lilium Asiatic Hybrids, Oncidium spp., Rosa hybrida, $Tulipa{\times}gesneriana$, Antirrhinum majus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Freesia hybrida, Zantedeschia elliottiana, Gerbera jamesonii, Helianthus annuus, and Ranunculus asiaticus. Thickness, ratio of length to width, and water content of petals did not considerably affect discoloration of pressed flowers. Expression of yellow color in petals was caused by carotenoids in Lilium Asiatic Hybrids, Oncidium spp., Rosa hybrida and $Tulipa{\times}gesneriana$, by flavonoids in Antirrhinum majus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Freesia hybrida and Zantedeschia elliottiana, and by coexistence of carotenoids and flavonoids in Gerbera jamesonii, Helianthus annuus and Ranunculus asiaticus. Carotenoids that expressed yellow color in petals affected significantly on discoloration in pressed flowers containing carotenoids alone or both carotenoids and flavonoids. However, discoloration was hardly ever found in yellow-colored species as affected by flavonoids. Dark treatment was effective for almost perfect preservation in color of pressed flowers, while light treatment resulted in severe discoloration.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.23
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• pp.103-118
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• 2008

Hobun(Oyster shell W.) is a traditional material used as extender and white pigment from ancient times. The production method of it, however, has been discontinued. We have studied the traditional production method of Hobun through calcination of oyster shell, which is one of the traditional ways for preparing Hobun. Our work has the important meaning in that we can reproduce the manufacturing method of the discontinued traditional material and also it provides a solid background knowledge to stabilize the production and supply of Hobun for the cultural asset repairing materials. The result can be summarized as followings: The production processes of Hobun by calcination method are divided into 4 steps - calcination ${\rightarrow}$ slaking(pulverization) ${\rightarrow}$ separating fine powder by submergence in water ${\rightarrow}$ drying. In calcination step, the temperature is required to exceed $700^{\circ}$ to get pure white color of Hobun, since organic materials in the shell cause the final powder to be less white below $600^{\circ}$. And the calcination methods produce significant amount of calcium hydroxide, which is incongruent for pigment materials without additional treatments. The experimental study also demonstrated that the additional treatment process introduced in traditional paintings can be a probable process since the calcium of potassium hydroxide is observed to be promoted by this treatment. It is also concluded that, the calcination method of Hobun is appropriate for a small amount and high quality production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.411-419
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the application possibility of tube type electrolysis module system using recirculation process through removal organic matters and nitrogen in the pigment wastewater. The tube type electrolysis module consisted of a inner rod anode and an outer tube cathode. Material used for anode was titanium electroplated with $RuO_2$. Stainless steel was used for cathode. It was observed that the pollutant removal efficiency was increased according to the decrease of flowrate and increase of current density. When the retention time in tube type electrolysis module system was 180 min, chlorate concentration was 382.4~519.6 mg/L. The chlorate production was one of the major factors in electrochemical oxidation of tube type electrolysis module system using recirculation process used in this research. The pollutant removal efficiencies from the bench scale tube type electrolysis module system using recirculation operated under the electric charge of $4,500C/dm^2$ showed the $COD_{Mn}$ 89.6%, $COD_{Cr}$ 67.8%, T-N 96.8%, and Color 74.2%, respectively and energy consumption was $5.18kWh/m^3$.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.60-69
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• 2008

The principal reasons for applying a pigment coating to paper are to improve appearance and printability. The pigment coating provides a surface that is more uniform and more receptive to printing ink than are the uncoated fibers and, in turn, both facilitates the printing process and enhances the graphic reproduction. The improvement in print quality is readily apparent, especially in image areas or when multiple colors are involved. Although pigment coating of paper is to improve the printability, coated paper is not completely free from printing defects. Actually there are a number printing defects that are observed only with the coated papers. Among the printing defects that are commonly observed for coated papers, print mottle during multi-color offset printing is one of the most concerned defects, and it appears not only on solid tone area but also half dot print area. There are four main causes of print mottle ranging from printing inks, dampening solution, paper, and printing press or its operation. These indicates that almost every factors associated with lithographic printing can cause print mottle. Among these variation of paper quality influences most significantly on print mottle problems in multicolor offset printing, and this indicates that paper is most often to be blamed for its product deficiency as far as print mottle problems are concerned. Furthermore, most of the print mottle problems associated with paper is observed when coated papers are printed. Uncoated papers rarely show mottling problems. This indicates that print mottle is the most serious quality problems of coated paper products. Overcoming the print mottle is becoming more difficult because the operating speeds of coating and printing machines are increasing, coating weights are decreasing, and the demands on high-quality printing are increasing. Print mottle in offset printing is caused by (a) nonuniform back trap of ink caused by a nonuniform rate of ink drying, referred as "back trap mottle, and (b) nonuniform absorption of the dampening solution. Furthermore, both forms of print mottle have some relationship to the structure of the coated layer. The surest way of eliminating ink mottling is to eliminate unevenness in the base paper. Coating solutions, often easier to put into practice, should, however, be considered. In this paper the principal factors influencing print mottle of coated papers will be discussed. Especially the importance of base paper roughness, binder migration, even consolidation of coating layers, control of the drying rate, types of binders, etc. will be described.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2009

The crude polysaccharide fraction from fruit body of Auricularia auricula were obtained by using hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. As the crude polysaccharide fraction contained the brownish dark colored compounds, the adsorption study of pigments from the crude polysaccharide using activated carbon was carried out. The pigment compounds showed an absorption characteristic with $\lambda_{max}$ of 230 nm and the absorbance at 230 nm was taken as color intensity. Adsorption capacity of pigment depended on increase of the activated carbon to sample loading ratio. The adsorption capacity increased with increase of pH and temperature in the pH range of 3.0-7.0 and temperature range of 25-40$^{\circ}C$, but decreased in the temperature range of 40-70$^{\circ}C$. The optimum capacity was obtained at addition of 16.7 mg activated carbon per mL sample solution (concentration = 3 mg/mL) at pH of 7.0 and temperature of 40$^{\circ}C$. Treatment for 10 min was sufficient to achieve the 80% decolorization and 1.25 fold purification of polysaccharide. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic model provided the best fitting for adsorption of the brownish dark colored compounds onto powdered active carbon. The activation energies of adsorption from the Langmuir isotherm parameter in the ranges of 25-40$^{\circ}C$ and 40-70$^{\circ}C$ was -2.54 and 4.38 kcal/g, respectively. The results of low activation energy also indicated that the adsorption process was a physical adsorption which was controlled by diffnsion.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.227-238
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• 1999

In advance of launch, simulated radiances of the Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager (OSMI) will be very useful to guess the real imagery of OSMI and to prepare for data processing of OSMI. The data processing system for OSMI which is one of sensors aboard Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT) scheduled for launch in 1999 is developed based on the SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS). Simulation of radiances requires information on the spectral band, orbital and scanning characteristics of the OSMI and KOMPSAT spacecraft. This paper also describes a method to create simulated radiances of the OSMI over the oceans. Our method for constructing a simulated OSMI imagery is to propagate a KOMPSAT orbit over a field of Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) pigment concentrations and to use the values and atmospheric components for calculation of total radiances. A modified Brouwer-Lyddane model with drag was used for the realistic orbit prediction, the CZCS pigment concentrations were used to compute water-leaving radiances, and a variety of radiative transfer models were used to calculate atmospheric contributions to total radiances detected by OSMI. Imagery of the simulated OSMI radiances for 412, 443, 490, 555, 765, 865nm was obtained. As expected, water-leaving radiances were only a small fraction (below 10%) of total radiances and sun glint contaminations were observed near the solar declination. Therefore, atmospheric correction is critical in the calculation of pigment concentration from total radiances. Because the imagery near the sun's glitter pattern is virtually useless and must be discarded, more advanced data collection planning will be required to succeed in the mission of OSMI which is consistent monitoring of global oceans during three year mission lifetime.