• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.763-766
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• 2008

This study was investigated to the conditions of coastal disaster prevention forests in coastal sand dune in Korea. As a result new planed area were about 250.05ha of 576 sites and average area per site is about 0.43ha. Therefore, it is necessary to readjust it in 1 ha/site for standard of new plan area and 10 ha/year for establishment quantity. In addition, the maintenances methods for about 1,479 ha in the forested area of coastal disaster prevention forest and the basic investigations for forests close to coastal were carried out as soon as possible.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.59-75
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• 2012

The species composition of plankton is essential to understand the material and energy cycling within marine ecosystem. It also provides the useful information for understanding the properties of marine environments due to its sensitivity to the physicochemical characteristics and variability of water masses. In this study we adopted metagenomics to evaluate eukaryotic plankton species diversity from coastal waters off Busan. Characteristics of water masses at sampling sites is expected to be very complex due to the mixing of various water masses; Nakdong River runoff, Changjiang diluted water (CDW), South Sea coastal water, and Tsushima warm current. 18S rDNA clone libraries were constructed from surface waters at the three sites off Busan. Clone libraries revealed 94 unique phylotypes from 370 clones; Dinophyceae(42 phylotypes), Ciliophora(15 phylotypes), Bacillariophyta(7 phylotypes), Chlorophyta(2 phylotypes), Haptophyceae(1 phylotype), Metazoa(Arthropoda( 17 phylotypes), Chaetognatha(1 phylotypes), Cnidaria(2 phylotypes), Chordata(1 phylotype)), Rhizaria (Acantharea(2 phylotypes), Polycystinea(1 phylotype)), Telonemida(1 phylotype), Fungi(2 phylotypes). The difference in species diversity at the closely located three sites off Busan may be attributed to the various physicochemical properties of water masses at these sites by the mixture of water masses of various origins. Metagenomic study of species composition may provide useful information for understanding marine ecosystem of coastal waters with various physicochemical properties in the near feature.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 2016

This study aimed to analyze the vegetation characteristics of the coastal forests and to figure out if there is possibilities to develop the forests into mixed stand multistory forests and to suggest some sound management practices. The vegetat- ion structure and flora of four sites; Kijipo, Chunjangdae, Janghang and Kusipo in the west coastal forests in Korea were investigated and analyzed in the present study. In the every site, Pinus thunbergii was dominating the tree layer in the forests. And P. densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, Q. acutissima and Castanea crenata were dominating the subtree layers in some sites. P. thunbergii stands in four sites would maintain for a while since the populat- ion density of middle aged group is higher than those of young and old groups. According to the geographical location conditions, there is a possibility that the coastal forests in Kusipo site would progress into oak tree stands in the long run. The biodiversity was quite high to have 205 taxa in the study sites. To induce the coastal forests into multistory forests, P. thunbergii stands need to be thinned. And then creating the environment including making some pathways and site usage rest-riction is needed to let new diverse plants could come in and grow for a success-ful multistory forests.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1169-1182
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• 2008

The chemical and meteorological effects on the concentration variations of air pollutants ($O_3$ and its precursors) were evaluated based on ground observation data in coastal and inland regions, Busan during springs and summers of 2005-2006. For the purpose of this study, study areas were classified into 5 categories: coastal area (CA), industrial area (IA), downtown area (DA), residential area (RA), and suburban area (SA). Two sites of Dongsam (DS) and Yeonsan (YS) were selected for the comparison purpose between the coastal and inland regions. $O_3$ concentrations in CA and SA were observed to be highest during spring (e.g., 40 ppb), whereas those in DA and RA were relatively low during summer (e.g., $22\sim24$ ppb). It was found that $O_3$ concentrations in IA were not significantly high although high VOCs (especially toluene of about 40 ppb) and $NO_x$ ($\geq$ 35 ppb) were observed. On the other hand, the concentration levels of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ at the DS site were significantly higher than those at the YS site, but $NO_x$ was slightly lower than that at the YS site. This might be caused by the photochemical activity and meteorological conditions (e.g., sea-land breeze and atmospheric stagnance). When maximum $O_3$ (an index of photochemical activity) exceeds 100 ppb, the contribution of secondary $PM_{10}\;((PM_{10})_{SEC})$ to total observed $PM_{10}$ concentrations was estimated up to 32% and 17% at the DS and YS sites, respectively. In addition, the diurnal variations of $(PM_{10})_{SEC}$ at the DS site were similar to those of $O_3$ regardless of season, which suggests that they are mostly secondary $PM_{10}$ produced from photochemical reactions.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

Background: Organic carbon stored in coastal wetlands, which comprises the major part of oceanic "blue carbon," is a subject of growing interest and concern. In this study, organic carbon storage in coastal wetlands and its economic value were estimated using the raw data of 25 studies related to soil carbon storage. Data were collected from three tidal flats (one protected and two developed areas) and two estuarine salt marshes (one protected and one restored area). Bulk density, soil organic matter content, and standing biomass of vegetation were all considered, with Monte Carlo simulation applied to estimate the uncertainty. Results: Mean carbon storage in two salt marshes ranged between 14.6 and $25.5kg\;C\;m^{-2}$. Mean carbon storage in tidal flats ranged from 18.2 to $28.6kg\;C\;m^{-2}$, with variability possibly related to soil texture. The economic value of stored carbon was estimated by comparison with the price of carbon in the emission trading market. The value of US $ $6600\;ha^{-1}$ is ~ 45% of previously estimated ecosystem services from fishery production and water purification functions in coastal areas. Conclusions: Although our study sites do not cover all types of large marine ecosystem, this study highlights the substantial contribution of coastal wetlands as carbon sinks and the importance of conserving these habitats to maximize their ecosystem services.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.18-33
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• 1995

Under the synoptic scale strong westerly winds flowing over the large steep mountains in the eastern coastal region, the strong downslope wind storms such as internal gravity waves should be generated in the lee-side of mountain. Int he daytime as sea breeze circulation induced by meso-scale thermal forcing from sea toward inland confines to the offshore side of coastal sites due to the eastward internal gravity waves. Thus, surface winds near the coastal seas were relatively weaker than those in the open sea or the inland sites. Evidently, two different kinds of atmospheric circulations such as an internal gravity wave circulation with westerly wind and a sea breeze circulation with both easterly wind near the sea surface and westerly in the upper level were apparently produced. Under this situation the atmospheric pollutants at Kangnung city should be trapped by two different circulations in the opposite directions and resulted in the high concentrations of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and ozone (O3). At night a meso-scale land breeze from land toward the more intensification of westerly winds in the coastal regions. The concentrations of TSP controled by the strong surface winds blowing from the mountain side toward the coastal sea were relatively higher at night than those in the daytime case and the concentrations of O3 due to the downward transport of ozone from the upper atmosphere toward the surface were also much higher at night than during the day. Consequently, the atmospheric pollutant concentrations in the mountainous coastal region under the downslope wind storms were higher than those after and before the occurrences of wind storms.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.379-398
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• 1991

In order to investigate the ecotypic variations of pulsatilla koreana nakai distributed in korea, 8 local populations of the plant were selected in accordance with latitude and compared on the differences of leaf shape, elongstion, stomatal distribution and dhlorophyll content. The incised angle of the plant is 38。32' in cheju, showing a great difference as compared with 23。77'-30。 32' of the other sites. as to the incised rate, mt. togyu and cheju representsed relatively high values of 49.04% and 48.21% the parted leaved individuals were only observed along the warm current coastal area including cheju, sokcho and sunchon and were 54(62.8%), 2(2.5%) and 3(3.3%) in the sites, respectively. Especially, the individuals consisting of only parted learves were 5(5.8%) in cheju alone and none of the other sites showed such individuals at all. So p. cernua distributed in cheju and p. koreana in inland area can be considered to beecotypic variations of the same species from the upper investigations. According to the elongations of leaf and rachis, the local populations could be classified into 3 types, such as warm current coastal area type(cheju,sunchon and sokcho),southern inland area type(andong, chungju and mt. togyu)and central inland ara type(mt. komdan and hongchon). The dentate numbera of 39.80-43.73 in the warm current area were also different from those of 87% in mt.togyu and 15% in hongchon, while opposite leaflets account for 100% in the other sites. The content of chlorophyll ranged from 0.609 mg/g. d.w.(cheju)to 0.924 mg/g.d.w.(hongchon), showing an increasing trends as the latitudes grow higher. The number of stomata on the low epidermis is much larger than that on the upper epidermis in the whole area. But both aspects showed an increasing tendency, too as the latitude becomes higher.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2011

Semi-diurnal internal tides and near-inertial waves are investigated using moored current meter measurements at four sites along the shelf break of the East China Sea during August 1987 and May-June 1988. Each mooring is equipped with four current meters spanning from near surface to near bottom. Spectral analyses of all current data reveal dominant spectra at the semi-diurnal frequency band, where the upper and lower current measurements show out-of-phase relationship between them with significant coherences. These are consistent with typical characteristics of the first-mode semi-diurnal internal tide. Strong intensification of the near-bottom baroclinic currents is observed only at one site, where the ratio of the bottom slope to the slope of the internal-wave characteristics at the semi-diurnal frequency is close to unity. An energetic near-inertial wave event is observed during the first half of May-June 1988 observation at two mooring sites. Rotary spectra reveal that the most dominant signal is clockwise rotating motion at the near-inertial frequency band. Upward phase and downward energy propagations, shown in time-depth contour plots of near-inertial bandpass filtered currents, are confirmed by cross correlations between the upper- and lower-layer current measurements. The upward-propagating phase speed is estimated to be about 0.13 cm $s^{-1}$ at both sites. Significant coherences and in-phase relationships of near-inertial currents at the same or similar depths between the two sites are observed in spite of their long distance of about 110 km.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2009

In this study an attempt has been made to predict the annual foggy days over Gyeongsangbuk-do of Korea, using the regional mesoscale model (MM5). The annual meteorological conditions are simulated, and the annual and seasonal foggy days are predicted from the simulated results based on the seasonal and spatial information of the observed meteorological characteristics for fog occurrence such as wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature. Most of observed inland fog over Gyeongsangbuk-do occurs in autumn under the meteorological conditions such as a cairn, a high temperature range (above $10^{\circ}C$), and a high relative humidity (above 85%). The predicted results show the various foggy days, about 10${\sim}$60 days, depending on the season and the site locations. The predicted annual foggy days at inland sites are about 30${\sim}$60 days, but at coastal sites, about 10${\sim}$20 days. Also, a higher frequency of fog occurrence at inland sites is shown in autumn (about 60% of the annual foggy days). Otherwise, a higher frequency of fog occurrence at coastal sites is shown in summer (about 60% of the annual foggy days), unlike the inland. These annual foggy days and their seasonal variations agree reasonably well with the observed values. It can be concluded that it is possible to predict the occurrence of annual or seasonal foggy days by MM5.

• ALGAE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.173-182
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• 2010

Four Rhizosolenia species of marine diatom were appeared at 30 sites in Korean coastal waters from September 2008 to February 2010. The cell shape, diameter, length of pervalvar axis, external process, segment and areolation characters of the species were examined. All four species were cylindrically shaped, but the external processes differed. Segment striations were regularly straight, and velum showed hexagonal, circular pore and narrow slit. Rhizosolenia formosa and R. hyalina were only occurred in September 2008 from the Yellow Sea, R. bergonii was appeared throughout the year from Korea Strait and Yangyang coasts, and R. setigera was abundantly showed in all seasons from all site. R. formosa is a newly recorded species in Korean coastal waters.