• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.526-537
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• 2023

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem worldwide and its eradication is mandatory. Direct acting HCV polymerase inhibitors, such as Sofosbuvir (SOF), is an effective regimen. However, it has some side effects like mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and the impairment of testicular function. It is important to evaluate the safety of SOF on the ovary, as there are no studies yet. Increasing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), causes oxidative stress, which affects ovulation process, female reproduction, and fertility. Accumulation of SOF in the cells was demonstrated to promote ROS generation. Vitamin E (Vit E) is an antioxidant agent that has an essential role in the female reproductive system, its deficiency can cause infertility. We explored the effect of SOF treatment alone and co-treated with Vit E on ovarian ROS level and ovarian morphology experimentally using biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Significant changes in oxidative stress markers; nitric oxide and malondialdehyde lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes; catalase, super oxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione, proliferating markers; proliferation cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 antigen and caspase 3 apoptotic marker were demonstrated. It was shown that where SOF induced oxidative stress, it also aggravated ovarian dysfunction. The essential role of Vit E as an antioxidant agent in protecting the ovarian tissue from the effect of oxidative stress markers and preserving its function was also displayed. This could be guidance to add Vit E supplements to SOF regimens to limit its injurious effect on ovarian function.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.236-251
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• 2023

Alcohol consumption alongside combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has attracted research interest, especially because of increasing male infertility. This study investigated the combined effects of alcohol and cART on testicular morphology, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Rats, weighing 330-370 g, were divided into four groups of six animals each; control, alcohol treated (A), cART, and alcohol plus cART treated (A+cART). Following 90 days treatment period, animals were euthanized, testis extracted, and routinely processed for histology and immunohistochemical analysis. Significantly decreased epithelial area fraction, increased luminal and connective tissue area fractions, and reduction of epithelial height and spermatocyte number, were recorded in the treated groups compared to control. Extensive seminiferous epithelial lesions including widened intercellular space, karyolysis, and sloughing of germinal epithelium were recorded in all the treated groups. Furthermore, upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, interleukin-6, and caspase 3 recorded in treated animals, was more significant in A+cART group. Also, the levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α were more elevated in A and cART treated groups than in A+cART, while MDA was significantly elevated in cART and A+cART treated groups compared to control group. Altogether, the results indicate testicular toxicity of the treatments. It is concluded that consuming alcohol or cART induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in testis of rats, which lead to testicular structural and functional derangements, which are exacerbated when alcohol and cART are consumed concurrently. The result will invaluably assist clinicians in management of reproductive dysfunctions in male HIV/AIDS-alcoholic patients on cART.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2016

The purpose of this clinical report was to show anatomical variations in permanent maxillary second molar using computed tomography (CT). This case report describes the application of CT to detect the unusual root anatomy of maxillary second molar with 2 separate palatal roots for successful endodontic treatment procedures. The use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can overcome the limitation of the periapical standard radiography caused by the overlap of buccal and secondary palatal roots.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.680-687
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• 2010

Patients with congenital heart diseases (CHD) are confronted with early- and late-onset complications, such as conduction disorders, arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction, altered coronary flow, and ischemia, throughout their lifetime despite successful hemodynamic and/or anatomical correction. Rhythm disturbance is a well-known and increasingly frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CHD. Predisposing factors to rhythm disturbances include underlying cardiac defects, hemodynamic changes as part of the natural history, surgical repair and related scarring, and residual hemodynamic abnormalities. Acquired factors such as aging, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and others may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis in CHD. The first step in evaluating arrhythmias in CHD is to understand the complex anatomy and to find predisposing factors and hemodynamic abnormalities. A practical stepwise approach can lead to diagnosis and prompt appropriate interventions. Electrophysiological assessment and management should be done with integrated care of the underlying heart defects and hemodynamic abnormalities. Catheter ablation and arrhythmia surgery have been increasingly applied, showing increasing success rates with technological advancement despite complicated arrhythmia circuits in complex anatomy and the difficulty of access. Correction of residual hemodynamic abnormalities may be critical in the treatment of arrhythmia in patients with CHD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.913-918
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• 2005

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Its clinical application has recently been limited, due to severe side effects such as bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia. In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of chloramphenicol were investigated in vitro using chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Chloramphenicol inhibited the growth of K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but their growth was restored after the cessation of chloramphenicol, indicating reversible cytotoxic effects. The expression of cell cycle regulatory molecules, including E2F-1 and cyclin D1, was decreased at the translational and/or transcriptional level after being treated with a therapeutic blood level ($20{\mu}g/ml$) of chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol also induced apoptotic cell death through a caspase-dependent pathway, which was verified by Western blot analysis and the enzymatic activity of caspase-3. These results demonstrated that chloramphenicol inhibited the cell growth through arresting the transition of the cell cycle, and induced apoptotic cell death through a caspase-dependent pathway at therapeutic concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to examine normal bronchi in dogs by using virtual bronchoscopy (VB) and to evaluate the utility of VB in clinical practice. The bronchi of six dogs without tracheobronchial disease were visualized by VB. Airways from the tracheal bifurcation to the lobar bronchi were well visualized in all dogs. Segmental and subsegmental bronchi were also well identified, but the degree and number of those varied with dog size. The mean numbers of segmental and subsegmental bronchi identified in the six dogs were 41.83 and 50.17, respectively, whereas, the mean numbers in medium- and large-sized dogs were 55.00 and 82.67, respectively, and in small-sized dogs, the means were 28.67 and 17.67, respectively. Although there were size-dependent differences in VB visualization of the bronchi, it was possible to identify peripheral airways to the subsegmental bronchi level, which can rarely be accomplished via conventional bronchoscopy. VB is the noninvasive method that can be used to examine bronchial anatomy, and our results suggest that VB can be useful for evaluating bronchi, including segmental and subsegmental ones that cannot be examined routinely by conventional bronchoscopy. Thus, VB has potential as an alternative to conventional bronchoscopy in the examination of bronchi in dogs.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.172-193
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• 2015

Nowadays shoulder ultrasound is commonly used in the assessment of shoulder diseases and is as accurate as magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of several pathologies. Operator dependence is the main disadvantage of shoulder ultrasound. After adhering to a strict examination protocol, good knowledge of normal anatomy and pathologic processes and an awareness of common pitfalls, it can be used as a focused examination providing rapid, real-time diagnosis, and treatment by ultrasound-guided interventions in desired clinical situations. Also shoulder ultrasound can help the surgeon decide whether treatment will be surgical or nonsurgical. If arthroscopy is planned, sonographic findings help to counsel patients regarding surgical and functional outcomes. If a nonsurgical approach is indicated, ultrasound can be used to follow patients. This review article presents the examination techniques, the normal sonographic appearances and the main pathologic conditions found in shoulder ultrasound. And also addresses a simplified approach to scanning and ultrasound-guided intervention. Knowledge of optimal techniques, normal anatomy, dynamic maneuvers, and pathologic conditions is essential for optimal performance and interpretation of images.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.581-581
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• 2007

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.10
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• pp.30.1-30.4
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• 2015

The present study was aimed to study the light and electron microscopic studies of thymic Hassall's corpuscles was done in various age groups of Nandanam Chicken ranging from day-old to forty weeks. Hassall's corpuscles are special, unique structures present in thymic medulla and also in the cortex of all the age groups of Nandanam chicken (from hatch to forty weeks) in the present study. Size of the Hassall's corpuscles in the medulla is larger than the ones present in the cortical region of thymus. The Hassall's corpuscles are made up of structureless eosinophilic mass surrounded by concentrically arranged reticuloepithelial cells. Under electron microscope, the Hassall's corpuscles were composed of reticuloepithelial cells interconnected by many desmosomes. The epithelial cells had abundance of cytoplasmic fibrils and desmosomes with few mitochondria and ribosomes. The nucleus was oval or round which was slightly indented. The centre of the Hassall's corpuscles was appeared either solid or cystic. The cystic corpuscles had cell debris within the cyst lumen.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2013

This review was described to investigate the feasibility of using ultrasound as an image tool for interventions of lumbar spine. This article will first provide an overview of lumbosacral spine surface anatomy and sonoanatomy. A detailed understanding of anatomy is critical for interpretation of ultrasound and procedural performance at spine. Fluoroscopy is most commonly used in interventional spine procedures, but radiation exposure is the major concern when obtaining fluoroscopic images. Ultrasound is radiation-free, is easy to use, and can provide real-time images with high accuracy. Also this device can be used in virtually any clinical setting. Ultrasound guidance offers a reliable alternative to fluoroscopy or computed tomography for lumbar interventions and can be safely performed without radiation exposure.