• Journal of Science Education
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.394-407
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• 2012

This study analyzed the result of the National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA) in a Grade 9 Science class. The study first found that the ratio of below basic achievement was 8.1 percent. This means that a large number of middle school students have not reached basic scientific literacy. Second, the ratio of male students in the below basic level was 10.4 percent, which was double the ratio of female students at 5.5 percent. Third, according to the analysis of achievement by gender, female students outperformed male students. In addition, the female students' standard deviation was smaller than that of the male students, and their scaled scores were distributed nearer the average than that of the male students. Furthermore, analysis of achievement by content domains indicated that females outperformed in all content domains including motion and energy, materials, life, and earth sciences. Showing a similar tendency in the behavior domains, females outperformed males in all behavior domains except the understanding domain. Last, for achievement by living area, students living in the middle and small cities showed the highest scaled score, 196.81. Whereas the average scaled score of the students living in the big cities was 196.15; that of the students living in rural areas was 194.86. With respect to the standard deviation, big cities had the largest, 33.73. That of middle and small cities was 33.70, and of rural areas was 32.92. Although students in cities showed higher achievement in science compared to students in rural areas, they had a bigger gap in academic achievement.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.354-368
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the direction of application and quality management plan of science curriculum of elementary and middle school according to the 2009 revised curriculum. In order to do this, nationwide survey was administered. The subject was 126 elementary school teachers and 88 middle school science teachers. It was founded that teachers had negative opinion on the introduction of the grade cluster system. They considered that it was appropriate to link the contents of Science subject with Practical Arts(Technology Home Economics) subject by similar topic. Science classes were implemented without changing the number of class hours in most schools. They recognized the necessity of differentiated instruction in science classes, but they seldom applied the differentiated instruction. And they suggested that the teaching-learning materials, evaluation materials and contents be provided to apply the STEAM. This study designates the following strategic supports for the effective implementation of 2009 revised science curriculum; 1) the science teachers training program to provide useful information for understanding and teaching the 2009 revised science curriculum, 2) the teachers' community in the school, 3) the development and provision of the feasible STEAM plans.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.417-433
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze 'how STEAM activities affect students' science process skills and science-related attitudes'. For more accurate, we have set 31 sixth-grade students from Gyeong-gi Province as an experiment group, and another 31 as a comparative group. We developed a STEAM program based on the educational concepts: Creative Design and Emotional Touch. Through pre-post experiment design, we have introduced TSPS, and Test of Affective Aspects. For TSPS, the comparative group scored higher average grade before the process. After the process, however, the experiment group exceeded the other. The result was considerable enough to verify that the science process skills were bolstered through the STEAM program(p<.05), Similar result was derived regarding the science related attitude. Students in the comparative group originally showed higher degree of interest to science. When the STEAM program was carried out, the standing reversed. The increase in the number of science related attitude indicates the program valid(p<.001). Furthermore, when we asked the students who participated in the experiment how they recognized the STEAM activity, we received positive answers: they consider the program efficient and well suited to the class environment. Conclusively, the STEAM program was proven to be effective for improving science process skills and attitude, and was perceived affirmative.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1007-1013
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• 2015

A COG (Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins) algorithm was applied to detect conserved genes in 711 prokaryotes. Only COG0080 (ribosomal protein L11) was common among all the 711 prokaryotes analyzed and 58 COGs were common in more than 700 prokaryotes. Nine COGs among 58, including COG0197 (endonuclease III) and COG0088 (ribosomal protein L4), were conserved in a form of one gene per one organism. COG0008 represented 1356 genes in 709 of the prokaryotes and this was the highest number of genes among 58 COGs. Twenty-two COGs were conserved in more than 708 prokaryotes. Of these, two were transcription related, four were tRNA synthetases, eight were large ribosomal subunits, seven were small ribosomal subunits, and one was translation elongation factor. Among 58 conserved COGs in more than 700 prokaryotes, 50 (86.2%) were translation related, and four (6.9%) were transcription related, pointing to the importance of protein-synthesis in prokaryotes. Among these 58 COGs, the most conserved COG was COG0060 (isoleucyl tRNA synthetase), and the least conserved was COG0143 (methionyl tRNA synthetase). Archaea and eubacteria were discriminated in the genomic analysis by the average distance and variation in distance of common COGs. The identification of these conserved genes could be useful in basic and applied research, such as antibiotic development and cancer therapeutics.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2019

Our study was based on the long-term surveys with respect to the major reservoirs located in the Yeongsan and Seomjin river basins. A total of 45 survey sites have been surveyed four times a year from 2008 to 2017. We identified 166 zooplankton species, including 127 rotifers, 26 cladocerans, and 13 copepods. Mean population density and species number of small reservoirs were higher than those of mid and large reservoirs. Considering outliers exceeding the 90th percentile between species occupancy and mean abundance, 10 of 11 habitat generalists were rotifers, and Bosmina longirostris was the only cladoceran. Habitat specialist consisted of three species of rotifers and emerged from one to three survey sites. According to the modularity results, it was found that the survey sites covering the entire river basins were characterized into five groups, which was similar to the classification by maximum water surface areas(MWSA). The result of the eigenvector centrality showed that the size of MWSA had a greater impact on the similarity of zooplankton community structure between reservoirs than the difference in distance between reservoirs. In the case of survey points in near dam or estuary bank of Juam and Youngsan reservoirs, modularity class were separated from other internal survey points of those. Given that the zooplankton interactions may contribute to freshwater functions more than species diversity. These topological features provide new insight into studying zooplankton distribution patterns, their organization and impacts on freshwater-associated function.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1996

The taxa of phytoplankton in the Dongbok reservoir consisted of 6 classes, 9 orders, 4 4 suborders, 21 families, 42 genus, 86 species, 4 varieties and 1 formula; totally 91 t taxa appeared. It contained 3 major groups that is Chlorophyceae 51 taxa(56.0 % the most high rate), Bacillariophyceae 23taxa(25.2%), Cyanophyceae 10taxa(10.9%). The most abundant with 47 taxa was in December, the least with 11 taxa was in March during research every month. The component ratio of biomass each main groups, Bacillariophyceae(51 %, the most h high rate), Cyanophyceae(38.9%), Chlorophyceae(9.8%). The most abundant class at the biomass component ratio were Cyanophyceae which contained 82.6-98.0 % of it in May and September, Chlorophyceae 79.0% in August, and Bacillariophyceae increased continuously, specially in winter and autumn. The seasonal dominant groups were Microcystis aemginosa belong to Cyanophyceae in spring and autumn, some species of Chlorophyceae in summer and Melosira granulata belong to Bacillariophyceae in winter and late autumn. Dominant index ranged from 0.33 to 0.95. The season of the lowest index was autumn and the highest was spring. Species diversity indices ranged from 1.09 to 3.99. The water environmental factors of the Dongbok reservoir were that the values of water temperature ranged between $2.4~28.9^{\circ}C$, pH 7.2~8.3, conductivity 77.0~105.5us/cm, and transparency 1.2~2.8m, also the concentration of dissolved oxygen(DO) ranged of 6.9-14.6mg/L, total nitrogen(T-N) 0.38-1.84mg/L, total phosphorus (T-P) 0.011~0.028mg/L, and chlorophyll-a $7.0~29.9mg/m^3$. In this research the proper temperature of water for algae growth, $15~20^{\circ}C$, was maintained in April. May, November and December 1 The number of species that induced water color were 14 species, that caused taste-and-odor problems were 3 species and that caused filter clogging were 5 species. A Among them, the bloom of Anahaena macrospora that caused odor problem occurred l in May and of Microcystis aeruRinosa and M. lνensenberRii that caused filter clogging in May and September.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2017

Recently, agricultural lands have decreased sharply, which was caused by huge housing site, urbanization, land consolidation, and road construction etc. In particular, Yangju city near Seoul city has the most severe land use change in Korea. Therefore, we analyzed changes of land use, soil properties, and soil information in order to provide the basic soil information and soil management practices in this city. The area of crop cultivated land in Korea (2015) reduced by 12,090 ha compared to ones from the previous year (2014). The paddy field decreased by 25,421 ha but, upland field increased by 13,331 ha. One of the reasons for the reduction of the paddy field was converting paddy field to upland (20,916 ha) > others (3,056) > building (2,571) > public facilities (847) > idle land (217). But, reasons for increase of upland field were switching paddy to upland (20,916 ha) > land developed (634). The main reason of converting paddy field to upland was changing from rice to more profitable speciality crops or pulses. The cropland area (paddy fields, upland, orchard) of Yangju city reduced by 1,412 ha (2015/2014). The ratio of cropland area in each city reduced by 22.9% dramatically compared 2015 to 1999. The paddy fields located in alluvial plains in Yangju city were changed into upland or green house. The drainage classes of soil have been deteriorated because the flows of water were intercepted by road construction and other disturbance to water flows. In particular, paddy fields have been changed to not only upland, orchard, greenhouse cultivation but also to fallow and soil dressing on paddy in Yangju city. To analyze result of soil survey of Yangju city, 858 soil codes (soil phases) were used and the area was 105.17ha. The number of soil series increased from 60 to 65, and that of soil phase increased from 105 to 124. The largest increased area was Noegog soil series. 125.7ha of Neogog soil series was incorporated from the existing Sachon, Yecheon and Eungog soil series. The soil suitability class of paddy field in Ogjung huge housing site of Yangju city was the 4th grade for 32.6% of the area. The soil suitability classes of upland were 2nd and 3rd grade for 72.4% of the area. Farm land with high quality should be conserved by related law.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.90-102
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• 1996

This study is a descriptive survey research to investicate the relation between the performance of self-care behavior and degree of self-efficacy by evaluating them respectively. The subjects were consisted of seventy nine tuberculosis patients registered in two different public health care centers in the city of Kwangju from April 1st to 30th June, 1995. The results were as follows : 1) Demorgraphically, the proportion of males was$(59.5\%)$, the highest proportion of age group was twenties with $(31.6\%)$, the higest proportion of the patients graduated high school. the married was much more than the single$(51.9\%)$. The highest proportions in each variables were as followes : middle class in economic status with $70.9%$, the jobless in job status with $26.6\%$. the duration less than 6 months in ailing duration with $63.3\%$. The patients of $60.8\%$ and $74.7\%$ showed no family history and received no health education respectively. 2) The average drgree of self-care behavior was 3.44 points (1-5 points). 3) The average dregee of recognized self efficacy was 78.18 points(10-100points). 4) The recognized self efficacy showed close relationship with the performance of self-care behavior (r=0.6378. p<0.001) 5) The points of performance of self-care nursing behavior showed statistical significance in the variables of martial status. duration of treatment and economic status. (F=3.142. p<0.05), (F=3.701. p<0.05). (F=6.213. p<0.01) 6) The point of self efficacy showed statistical significance in the variables of sex. degree of education and marital status. (F=5.438. p<0.05), (F=4.28. P<0.01), (F=2.899, p<0.05) These results suggest as follows: 1) It is necessary to develop a program to improve the ability of self health care for the family member as well as the patient. 2) It is necessary to do further study on much more variables that influence on the performance of self-care behavior by expanding the number of subjects and duration of study. and to evaluate the self efficacy with time interval.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.497-509
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• 2008

Various algorithms and architectures for efficient packet classification have been widely studied. Packet classification algorithms based on a decision tree structure such as HiCuts and HyperCuts are known to be the best by exploiting the geometrical representation of rules in a classifier. However, the algorithms are not practical since they involve complicated heuristics in selecting a dimension of cuts and determining the number of cuts at each node of the decision tree. Moreover, the cutting is not efficient enough since the cutting is based on regular interval which is not related to the actual range that each rule covers. In this paper, we proposed a new efficient packet classification algorithm using a range cutting. The proposed algorithm primarily finds out the ranges that each rule covers in 2-dimensional prefix plane and performs cutting according to the ranges. Hence, the proposed algorithm constructs a very efficient decision tree. The cutting applied to each node of the decision tree is optimal and deterministic not involving the complicated heuristics. Simulation results for rule sets generated using class-bench databases show that the proposed algorithm has better performance in average search speed and consumes up to 3-300 times less memory space compared with previous cutting algorithms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.16-27
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• 2020

This study presented a plan for the establishment of conservation areas and the ecological management of those areas in the stream based on the Marxan with Zones Program for a Jungrangcheon Stream in downtown Seoul. The application of the Marxan with Zones Program included the stage of planning unit setting, application of mapping indices, numerical correction for repetitive analysis, creation of scenario-specific optimizations through analysis, analysis of sensitivity by scenario, review, and the selection of optimal plans among the scenarios considered. As a result of the establishment of a conservation area near Jungrangcheon Stream, which has several watershed areas, including an upper-middle-class wildlife protection zone, which was previously designated and managed as a conservation area, and the migratory protection zone downstream of Jungrangcheon Stream were designated as key conservation areas. A number of wild birds were observed in the upper reaches of Jungrangcheon Stream, adjacent to the forests of Suraksan Mountain and Dobongsan Mountain. The downstream area is a habitat for migratory birds that travel along the stream and the adjacent river ecosystem, including the Hangang River confluence and Cheonggyecheon Stream confluence. Therefore, the upper and lower reaches of Jungrangcheon Stream are connected to forest ecosystems such as Dobongsan Mountain, Suraksan Mountain, and Eungbongsan Mountain, as well as urban green area and river ecosystems in the basin area, which influence the establishment of conservation areas. This study verified the establishment and evaluation of existing conservation areas through the Marxan with Zones Program during the verification of the conservation areas and was presented as in-stream management and basin management method to manage the basin areas derived from core conservation areas determined through the program.